Introduction to Climate Change in the East African Savanna: Supplementary Material to Lesson 1 of the “East Africa Climate Change Curriculum Unit” Available at Lesson 1 by Barbara Naess. The Eaclipse Project is supported by National Science Foundation Award No. BCS/CNH © 2010 Michigan State University Board of Trustees

Lesson 1: Introduction to Climate Change in the East African Savanna Supplementary Material how the climate is changing in East Africa how the savanna ecosystem is affected, and how researchers from the EACLIPSE project are studying climate change In this lesson you will learn

Why is it important to learn about climate change in East Africa? Climate change affects all parts of the globe. Our actions in the US affect other countries. Greenhouse gases from the US contribute to changes in climate in other parts of the world. Climate change in other parts of the world affects the US. When people cut forests or remove vegetation in other parts of the world, it reduces the amount of oxygen produced globally. We rely on resources that come from all over the world for food, medicine, raw materials, and energy. What we learn about climate change in East Africa can help us understand climate change elsewhere. 3

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5 Source: NASA - Vegetation in the World from Satellites

6 Figure above shows rainfall fluctuations between the Source: Source: UNEP GRID Arendal, 2002 Rainfall and Temperature Changes in Africa

Vegetation Greening Up with the Rainy Seasons: Satellite Images from Source: NASA

8 Source: MATRIX, Michigan State University Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Equator

9 Source: Washington, D.C. : Central Intelligence Agency, 1986, map (547147)6-86 Source: MSU Climate-Land Interaction Project: Bryan Pijanowski

EACLIPSE Project East Africa Climate, People, Livestock & Savanna Ecosystems Scientists and social scientists from Kenya, Tanzania, and the U.S. are working together to: Collect data on climate change in East Africa, including Temperatures, Rainfall, Vegetation, and Land Use Learn how people living in the savanna make their livelihoods Learn how people are impacted by climate change 10

EACLIPSE Project East Africa Climate, People, Livestock & Savanna Ecosystems Goals: Understand how climate change affects the ecosystem and the people who live there Understand how people change their livelihoods because of climate change Understand how changing land use affects climate change Project future climate changes to help inform community and policy 11

Source: Tanzania Meteorological Agency Recent Temperature Trends 12

Recent Rainfall Trends Source: Tanzania Meteorological Agency

Glaciers Melting on Mt. Kilimanjaro Higher temperatures and lower precipitation are causing the glaciers to shrink Glaciers are an important source of water for people, crops, livestock, and electrical power

Drought A long period of dry weather that can cause crop failure. 15 Photo credit: Dwigt Sieggreen

Heavy Rains When it rains too much at one time, rivers can flood their banks and cause soil erosion and other damage. 16

Trends in Climate Change in East Africa Glaciers melting Warmer temperatures everywhere Less reliable rainfall in savanna; more rainfall on coast Changes in the timing of the rainy seasons More droughts and floods

How do researchers understand human-environment interaction? 18

In this unit, you will Learn about the different parts of the loop Use the loop to help you understand the interactions between the different parts of the system Use what you’ve learned to try to make some predictions about the effects of climate change in the East African savanna Learning about the EACLIPSE research provides tools that help answer broader questions about human-environment interaction How does human activity affect the environment? How does climate change affect the environment? How do changes in the environment affect people living in that environment?

Lesson 1, Part 2: How do researchers understand human-environment interaction in the East African savanna? In Part 2, you will learn what researchers look at to determine: How climate change affects vegetation How vegetation affects livelihood options How livelihoods affect land management 20

Climate Change Temperature Precipitation Glaciers Droughts Floods 21 Photo Credit: Jennifer M. Olson

How does climate change affect savanna vegetation? 22

Climate Change affects Savanna Vegetation Plant species mixture Food for livestock Farming options Growing season: length and timing Type of crops grown Productivity of crops 23

Effect on vegetation Wet season Dry season Photo Credit: Tom Smucker

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26 Effect on Forage for Livestock

Effect on Crops Grown Timing of the growing season Length of the growing season What crops can be grown How much crops will yield (productivity) 27

Savanna Vegetation Change in species composition –trees, bushes, grasses Forage for livestock Growing season: length and timing Crops grown Productivity 28

How do changes in vegetation affect livelihood systems? 29

Livelihood Systems 30 Livestock Farming Non-farm income

31 Livestock Production in the Savanna

Farming 32 Photo Credit: Jennifer M. Olson

Non-Farm Income 33

Livelihood Systems Livestock Farming Non-farm income Household decisions Crops grown Herd size and composition Employment 34

How do changes in livelihood systems affect land management? 35

Land Management Decisions about how to manage the land are made at different levels: Household Community Regional Land in the savanna can be used for: Grazing livestock Farming Wildlife Firewood and other uses 36

37 Grazing

Farming 38 Photo Credit: Jennifer M. Olson Farm in Savanna

Wildlife 39

40 Photo Credit: Jennifer M. Olson Farm in Forest

Farms Expanding into Savanna 41 Photo Credit: Jennifer M. Olson

Land Management Household Community Regional Grazing Farming Wildlife Other land uses 42

How do changes in land management affect the savanna vegetation? How do changes in savanna vegetation affect climate change? 43

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EACLIPSE Research Questions How does savanna vegetation respond to a changing climate? What are the combined effects of land management and climate change on savanna vegetation? Does land management have a large enough impact on savanna vegetation to change the local or regional climate? How are people adapting their livelihood systems in response to climate change? 45

In this lesson, you have learned about the different parts of the savanna human-land-climate system loop and how they interact. Now you will use what you’ve learned about the loop to try to make some predictions about the effects of climate change in the East African savanna. As you answer the questions, keep in mind the broader questions about human-environment interaction: How does human activity affect the environment? How does climate change affect the environment? How do changes in the environment affect people living in that environment?