A National Achievement Gap
4 th Graders –48 th in reading; 46 th in math 8 th Graders –47 th in reading; 45 th in math High school graduation—far below average College enrollment—48 th College graduation in 6 years—far below average
Is it Race?
A National Opportunity Gap
Racial Isolation in California
School Racial Composition
Concentration of African American Students
A Racial Opportunity Gap... within California The Racial Opportunity Gap
A Restricted Flow through California’s Mathematics Pipeline
Racial Isolation, Unequal Opportunity, and Gaps Achievement Gaps Mirror Opportunity Gaps