2. The Achievement Gap and Equal Educational Opportunity Presented by July & Linda July 23, 2004

3. July 23 rd, 2004 Gaps in achievement exist across the states. Gaps can be found based upon: Gaps can be found based upon: Race/ethnicity Race/ethnicity Income levels Income levels Language background Language background Disability status Disability status Gender ( boys & girls ) Gender ( boys & girls )

4. July 23 rd, 2004 Gaps are Evidenced in Data : Proficiency Test Results Proficiency Test Results Dropout Rates Dropout Rates Graduation Rates Graduation Rates

5. July 23 rd, 2004 In Ohio: White students are twice as likely to be proficient in math as African American students. White students are twice as likely to be proficient in math as African American students. 6 th graders who meet low-income criteria are about half as likely to be proficient in math and science as 6 th graders who do not meet low-income criteria. 6 th graders who meet low-income criteria are about half as likely to be proficient in math and science as 6 th graders who do not meet low-income criteria.

6. July 23 rd, 2004 In Ohio: African American students are more likely to be in special education and less likely to be in gifted programs than White students. African American students are more likely to be in special education and less likely to be in gifted programs than White students. African American students are almost 3 times as likely to drop out of school as white students. African American students are almost 3 times as likely to drop out of school as white students.

7. July 23 rd, 2004 Dropout Rates (G12) of Maryland in 2000-01 School Year Total (%) 4.1 American Indian 4.7 Hispanic3.7 Black5.9 White3.2

8. July 23 rd, 2004 In Ohio: (Of Every 100 Kindergarteners) Graduate from High School College Bachelor’s Degree White916230 Africa875416 Latino62296

9. July 23 rd, 2004 Reasons For The Gap Language background Language background Teacher expectation Teacher expectation Socio-economic condition Socio-economic condition Social promotion Social promotion

10. July 23 rd, 2004 Reasons for the Gap Language background Language background Teacher expectation Teacher expectation Socio-economic condition Socio-economic condition Social promotion Social promotion

11. July 23 rd, 2004 Language Background Unable to listen to teachers With a clear understanding Unable to read fluently With little vocabulary Unable to write good papers

12. July 23 rd, 2004 Teachers’ Low Expectation Being restless Being restless Neglecting classroom discipline Neglecting classroom discipline Making troubles Making troubles

13. July 23 rd, 2004 Socio-economic Condition Tend to mirror their parents’ status Tend to mirror their parents’ status Esp. educational background Esp. educational background

14. July 23 rd, 2004 Social Promotion Students are allowed to continue to pass through school with their peers without satisfying academic requirements. Students are allowed to continue to pass through school with their peers without satisfying academic requirements. Not increase students achievement Not increase students achievement Not properly prepare students for college and future employment Not properly prepare students for college and future employment causes doubt to students’ academic level according to their diplomas causes doubt to students’ academic level according to their diplomas

15. July 23 rd, 2004 To Narrow the Gap Emphasize early childhood literacy Emphasize early childhood literacy Identify student’s needs early in order to apply appropriate instructional strategies. Identify student’s needs early in order to apply appropriate instructional strategies. Schools should provide professional development that deepens teachers’ content knowledge, improves instructional strategies to engage all children in learning,. Schools should provide professional development that deepens teachers’ content knowledge, improves instructional strategies to engage all children in learning,.

16. July 23 rd, 2004 To Narrow the Gap Use more effective student grouping practices Use more effective student grouping practices Develop transitional and dropout prevention programs Develop transitional and dropout prevention programs

17. Shanghai Mainly based on Social-economic level Children from Low income families children of laborers of Migrant workers

18. July 23 rd, 2004 Shanghai Jiu Long Model High School Offer free education Social-economic level: far below the average poverty standard the average poverty standard

19. July 23 rd, 2004 The number of students: 357 996

20. July 23 rd, 2004 Age from 6 to 18 In Shanghai the number is about 320,000 Some-----public school Some-----the school for children of laborers of migrant workers laborers of migrant workers

21. July 23 rd, 2004

22. Enroll more children in public schools Train the teachers Train the teachers More high-qualified teachers Improve the environment

23. July 23 rd, 2004 Closing achievement gaps requires the involvement of: Students Students Parents Parents Community members Community members Teachers Teachers Administrators Administrators Policy makers Policy makers

24. July 23 rd, 2004 To close achievement gaps, we need: Students who believe in their ability to succeed and work diligently. Students who believe in their ability to succeed and work diligently. Teachers who know how to teach the diverse populations of students in their classes. Teachers who know how to teach the diverse populations of students in their classes. Parents who know how to support their child’s learning at home and at school. Parents who know how to support their child’s learning at home and at school.

25. July 23 rd, 2004 To close achievement gaps, we need: Community members and policy makers who hold educators accountable for results and support their school with adequate resources. Community members and policy makers who hold educators accountable for results and support their school with adequate resources. Administrators who support students, teachers, parents, and community members as they work together to improve teaching and learning. Administrators who support students, teachers, parents, and community members as they work together to improve teaching and learning.

26. July 23 rd, 2004 There should be more cooperation between the government the school and the community.

27. July 23 rd, 2004 To close achievement gaps, we must remember that: There are answers! There are answers! There are NOT any simple answers. There are NOT any simple answers. Blame wastes time that could be spent creating partnerships. Blame wastes time that could be spent creating partnerships. The answers are in partnerships. The answers are in partnerships.

28. July 23 rd, 2004 Thanks to Professor Lawlor Our colleagues