Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology 12th Edition Chapter 1 Introduction to Human A&P Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-1

Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy vs Physiology -define each term - why combine into a single course? Explain: “Structure follows Function” 1-3

Levels of Organization Subatomic particles Atom Molecule Macromolecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 1.3 Levels of Organization 1-5

Fig. 1.19

Characteristics of Life Organ Systems Movement Responsiveness Growth Reproduction Respiration Digestion Absorption Assimilation Circulation Excretion Which organ system(s) contribute to each of the characteristics listed on the left? 1-6

Fig. 1.5 Organ Systems Are Inter -related Respiratory system Cardiovascular Digestive Blood Internal environment External Organic waste, excess salts, water Unabsorbed matter Nutrients, salts, water Cell Extracellular fluid O2 in Urinary CO2 out Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 1.5

Requirements of Organisms Water: most abundant substance in body metabolism transport regulates body temperature Food energy building blocks Oxygen - ~20% of air releases energy from nutrients Heat helps control rate of metabolic reactions Pressure atmospheric pressure – breathing hydrostatic pressure – blood flow 1-8

Homeostasis Imagine one day is very cold out, while the next day is very hot. What effect does that have on your body temperature? External environment – keeps changing Internal environment - remains stable. How? Body has “Homeostatic Mechanisms”

Homeostasic Mechanisms – monitor internal environment - corrects changes 3 Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms: receptors function? control center tells what a particular value should be effectors

Types of Regulation negative feedback most common! ex. maintaining body temperature; release of most hormones, etc. positive feedback blood clotting labor

Example of Homeostasis – Control of Body Temperature Control Center Hypothalamus Thermo- receptors What temperature does your body try to maintain? What changes occur when your body temperature is: - too high? - too low? http://health.howstuffworks.com/adam-200092.htm

Fig. 1.10 Body Cavities 1-12 Cranial cavity Frontal sinuses Orbital cavities Nasal cavity Oral cavity Cranial cavity Sphenoidal sinus Middle ear cavity Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 1.10 Body Cavities 1-12

Body Membranes serous membranes mucous membrane lines organ surfaces in thoracic and abdominal cavities thin, watery secretions reduces friction mucous membrane lines hollow organs that lead to exterior of body (ex. GI, respiratory, genito-urinary) thick secretions protective

4 Serous Membranes Thoracic Membranes (1 & 2) pleura = one around each lung (3) pericardium Abdominopelvic Membranes (4) peritoneum Each serous membrane composed of 2 layers: visceral layer – directly covers an organ parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall small cavity between layers is filled with serous fluid http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/classware/ala.do?isbn=0072829532&alaid=ala_728113&showSelfStudyTree=true 1-13

Fig. 1.20a Anterior ( V entral) Posterior (Dorsal) Midline Right Left Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 1.20a Midline Right Left Superior Proximal Medial Lateral Anterior ( V entral) Posterior (Dorsal) Distal Proximal Inferior Distal

Umbilical Hypogastric Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Right hypochondriac region lumbar iliac Epigastric Umbilical Hypogastric Left Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) (a)