2. The Changing Agendas of Environmental Politics Politics of Sustainable Development

Environmental Politics activism, ”protest” decision-making, ”policy”

Politics as Activism movements, organizations movements, organizations campaigns, conflicts campaigns, conflicts ”green” ideologies, parties ”green” ideologies, parties public debates, controversies public debates, controversies

Politics as Decision-making problem-solving processes problem-solving processes negotiations, mediation negotiations, mediation policy doctrines, documents policy doctrines, documents plans, programs, and projects plans, programs, and projects

What is an Agenda? a discourse, or discursive framework a discourse, or discursive framework a set of problems or issues a set of problems or issues collections of policy measures collections of policy measures coalitions, or networks of actors coalitions, or networks of actors institutional arrangements, or forms institutional arrangements, or forms

Changes in Agenda Phase One: 1960s Public education Research and regulatory reform Phase Two: 1970s Movement organizations Agencies and legislation Phase Three: 1980s Political parties Environmental professionals, scientists, experts Phase Four: 1990s Integration with other issues Market orientation, internationalization

The Roots of Environmentalism Modernization and science: ”The Death of Nature” (Carolyn Merchant) Industrialization and technology: ”Prometheus Unbound” (David Landes) Globalization and technoscience: ”Risk Society” (Ulrich Beck)

From Movements to Institutions From Reformation to experimentation From Reformation to experimentation The making of modern science The making of modern science From revolution to research From revolution to research The making of industrial society The making of industrial society From liberation to innovation From liberation to innovation The making of green knowledge The making of green knowledge

The Waves of Environmentalism conservation of nature conservation of nature biologists, geographers biologists, geographers environmental protection environmental protection engineers, planners engineers, planners sustainable development sustainable development managers, politicians managers, politicians

Ecological Traditions imperialist, or scientific ecology, from about 1700 imperialist, or scientific ecology, from about 1700 anthropocentric worldview utilitarian ethic arcadian, or romantic ecology, from about 1800 arcadian, or romantic ecology, from about 1800 biocentric worldview partnership ethic pragmatic, or social ecology, from about 1900 pragmatic, or social ecology, from about 1900 synthetic worldview experimental ethic

Environmental Traditions conservation preservation human ecology conservation preservation human ecology formative Bacon White Marsh I nfluence Linneaus Thoreau Mumford relation to exploitation harmony planning nature conception resource base community region of nature ecosystem locality landscape social ideology modernist antimodernist postmodernist

Phases of Environmental Politics Phases of Environmental Politics emphasis example 1. awakeningpublic debate Silent Spring, 1962 pre ”age of ecology”organization Only One Earth, politicization social movement Soft Energy Paths, differentiationprofessional State of the World, internationalization global issues Our Common Future, Integrationsustainable development Natural Capitalism,