Exploring the Internet The Effects of the Internet on Academia and the Modern Library Instructor: Michael Krolak Instructor: Patrick Krolak See also Authors: P. D. & M. S. Krolak Copyright

Finding Information on the web and through the Electronic Library The innovation of the web as a major source of information is changing our research and pedagogy. It is also changing the modern library and academia.

What is Academia? academia n. 1.Academia is a general term for the whole of higher education and research. The word comes from the Greek referring to the greater body of knowledge, its development and transmission across generations. In the 17th century, English and French religious scholars popularized the term to describe certain types of institutions of higher learning. The English adopted the form academy while the French adopted the forms academe and academie.

Think Back... Academia pushed for the development of the internet and the World Wide Web, in particular, for the dissemination of scholarly research. ARPANET began at four universities. NSFNET, which allowed for non Computer Science departments to access the Internet, was driven by academic institutions.

History of the Book Wrote down Oral History Scribes copied the texts for preservation Scribes become powerful members of society Within Europe most scribes were members of the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church

The Printing Press Gutenberg, Johann, c.1397–1468, German inventor and printer, long credited with the invention of a method of printing from movable type, including the use of metal molds and alloys, a special press, and oil-based inks: a method that, with refinements and increased mechanization, remained the principal means of printing until the late 20th cent. His type, which was hand set with characters of equal height, was printed on handmade paper. In the fifty years following Gutenberg’s first press in Mainz (1450 – 1500), as many book copies were printed as had been produced in the previous millennium by scribes

Impact on Society Martin Luther claimed that the invention of printing was a gift from God to reform His church. Without access to the printed editions of biblical texts, and their variations over time regarding crucial dogmatic issues they contain, Luther might never have developed Protestantism. Without the printing press, Luther might never have spread his ideas not only in the Latin of the scholarly community but also in the vernacular German of the lay community.

The Fall of Constantinople (1453) The Fall of the Roman Empire Constantinople was sacked and conquered by the Ottoman Turks. Constantinople, as the capitol of the Roman Empire, housed some of the most ancient writings. If the printing press had not been invented, scholars believe that the Renaissance would have ended.

Rate of Growth of Other Media It took 75 years for phones to reach 50% of U.S. households (now at 93% after 100 years). Televisions after 60 years are in 95% of U.S. households After 25 years, VCRs were in 85% of US households After 25 years, cable TV were in 64% of US households.

Eras of finding information Mnemonics – The dominant method until 1700 Indexes – The preferred method until 1990 Networked search engines – The ideal method

The Traditional Book Pros Tangible Static / Permanent A tactile experience You can write in the margins You can highlight text Cons Water can damage it Ages Impacted by the environment Limited search capabilities

Problems Facing the Modern Academic In 1911, Professor Lane Cooper published a concordance of Wordsworth’s poetry. The concordance was 1,136 pages and contained 211,000 non trivial words. Three generations of the Moulton family dedicated their lives to the concordance of the Greek New Testament. In 1875, Mary Clarke completed a concordance of the complete works of Shakespeare in only 16 years. Source: “Managing Gigabytes: Compressing and Indexing Documents and Images” Witten, Moffat, Bell

Problems Facing Modern Libraries Old and Rare books are environmentally sensitive Old and Rare books cost a great deal to maintain.

What is an e-Book? ebook n. An electronic or digital version of a book. The term is used ambiguously to refer to either an individual work in a digital format, or a hardware device used to read books in digital format. Some users deprecate the second meaning in favour of the more precise "ebook device."

Where can I get eBooks? Amazon.com Barnes and Noble Project Gutenberg Fictionwise.com Baen Free Library

The Pros and Cons of the e-Book Pros Full text searchability Highly portable Dynamic Correctable Cons Requires a computer Subject to Environmental Hazards Not easily marked up No tactile experience in reading Not everyone is on the same page

Project Gutenberg Over 17,000 books available. All Project Gutenberg eBooks are free as in beer for anyone living in the United States: You may download all Project Gutenberg eBooks for your personal use for free. Most Project Gutenberg eBooks are also free as in speech: You may copy them, give them away and use them in any way you like. Project Gutenberg is the oldest producer of free eBooks on the Internet. Our collection was produced by hundreds of volunteers.

Gutenberg and World ebook Library offer over 300,000 ebooks On the 35 th anniversary of the Gutenberg Project the two non profits offer over 300,000 eBooks for download for free at the first World eBook Fair for one month from July 4 thru Aug There are plans for offering this service annually by these two organizations with the hope of offering 1 Million books by

Google’s Library Project The library project is part of Google’s Print Division and intends to digitize millions of books and periodicals and put them online as part of its search engine. Google is working with publishers and 5 major university libraries. Source:

From Google’s Point of View What is the Library Project? Google Print makes offline information searchable. As part of this project, we're now working to index the book collections of several major research libraries and make this content searchable through Google Print alongside books provided by publishers through our Publisher Program.Publisher Program

Goals of the Library Project What is the goal of Google Print for Libraries? This project's aim is simple: make it easier to find relevant books. We hope to guide more users to books – specifically books they might not be able to find any other way – all while carefully respecting authors' and publishers' copyrights. Our ultimate goal is to work with publishers and libraries to create a comprehensive, searchable, virtual card catalog of all books in all languages that helps users discover new books and publishers find new readers. Source:

Participating Libraries Each Participating library has between 7-15 million volumes. 1.Stanford University (entire collection) 2.Oxford University (digitize all volumes 1900 and before) 3.University of Michigan (entire collection) 4.Harvard University (pilot study of subset of collection) 5.New York Public Library (pilot study of subset of collection)

Additional Partners Join the Project The Libraries of the Big Ten Universities and the University of Chicago have joined the project adding additional coverage and specialties.

Strategy based on Copyright laws Three classes based on copyright status: 1.Books out of copyright will be placed online in their entirety. 2.Books in copyright with partnership of publisher will be placed online in their entirety 3.Books in copyright and no partnership will be given short reference.

Progress Report The Google library project is moving forward but has encountered legal issues on intellectual property rights. The current status for legal case which appears near a settlement (see A special problem is that the French and other European countries have different copyright laws and national interests that may prevent an early settlement. Yahoo is now creating a consortium with the U of California libraries, HP and others to put a modest 16,000 books online.

The Open Content Alliance Several major research libraries have rebuffed offers from Google and Microsoft to scan their books into computer databases, saying they are put off by restrictions these companies want to place on the new digital collections. The research libraries, including a large consortium in the Boston area, are instead signing on with the Open Content Alliance, a nonprofit effort aimed at making their materials broadly available. Source:

The British Library One of the great libraries of the world has opened its collections of rare books to be viewed as digital images interactively over the Internet. The digital images of the original volumes along with resource links for the scholar and the general public make this a major advance in opening the rare book rooms of the great libraries without the fear of misuse or theft. Source:

The Treasures of the British Library Scan the digital images of the original documents of the British government Examine digital images of rare books that changed the world and its literature, i.e. your own private tour of the rare book room. Click to visit the British Library -- Magna Carta

JFK Library to put papers online The John F. Kennedy (JFK) Presidential Library in Boston, MA is the first US presidential library to go online.

JFK Library First Presidential Library to be put online JFK Presidential Library and Museum announced that will millions of papers, photos, and audio online. This is the first presidential library to announce to provide web access. EMC will donate a $1 M in hardware & software to aid the project. The JFK library has 8.4 Million documents, 400k photos, thousands of hours of audio, and 8.5 Million feet of movie film. Project may take 10 years to complete. Source:

The Electronic Library E-libraries are the electronic front doors to the modern physical library.

What is the e-library The e-library resides on the Internet and allows the user access to the library’s catalogs and electronic collections (24 hours a day – 7 days a week). The user can use it to locate the books in the public access catalog. Access electronic books and journals. Access to newspaper archives such as the Boston Globe, Boston Herald, etc.

How to get started Click Click the Off Campus User Login & use your id and password to register

Logging into the UMass Online Library Students can either use: –Their full name (First_LAST) and ISIS number –Note the underscore between the names is required. –Umass On Line students can use USER_ID and Password Once the Online Library accepts your login you will get a message saying that it is now ok to enter. After you are login, the proxy server will threat you the like on-campus student. You will be able to requests books, download articles and newspaper stories, and access all the library’s databases. You will also be able to download e-books.

Finding an article at UMass e-library Log in and click [Find Article] on home page. Select an electronic reference source and click it. Follow the directions and use keywords specific to your topic. Pay attention to the icons, they tell you whether you are able to download full text resources.

Finding a book at UMass e-library Click [ Books] on home page after logging in. Then Click [UMass Lowell Catalog] see right column. If you know the title or ISBN (product code for the book), then use that to find the particular book. When using an author always type sir name before first name. To find a book by topic use the same approach as for a search engine. Warning most search by topic are not as useful as a search engine.

The Virtual Catalog The e-lib at UMASS allows you to use several virtual catalogues. Click the [Virtual Catalog] in the right column of the Books page –The Boston Library –Massachusetts Virtual Catalogue which allows you to search and find books in any of the library networks in the state. –To use these virtual catalogues you need a valid library card at one of the libraries. Once you have a library card you will need to create a pin (personal Id number). The library card has a number under the bar code to use as your User_ID –Finally if you are to use inter-library loan you will need to select a library that will receive the book. After the book arrives at the library you will receive an notifying you that you have 7 days to pick it up.

When is a book not a book? The new libraries are no longer collections of printed books. They contain a wide range of audio and visual material that are also part of the Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC). Look them up in the same way as you would a print book. Some libraries are allowing the download of e-books and audio books that can be used on your computer for a fixed period of time. After a period of time they can not be accessed, they also cannot be copied or printed. See: for an electronic download library.

Electronic Journals and Newspaper Archive Most Newspapers charge for articles from it archive. The major state newspapers archives are available through the e-lib. The Lexis Nexis sites have current business, legal cases, and bios. Electronic journals can provide abstracts and in some cases the full article.

Special Electronic Reference Materials Every library whether public or personal should have a collection of materials readily available that contains useful facts and data. Reference materials can be a quick and accurate means of developing marketing and business plans, determining business law and custom, rates of exchange and interest, holidays, etc. The dictionary can provide useful insights even for the scholar.

Example of References Dictionaries, thesaurus, and similar word orientated materials: No college student, researcher, or writer should be without an online collection of style guides, dictionaries, and related reference materials. Use bookmarks or favorites for handy refence, Dictionary, English Style Guides, and Reference Materials for the WriterDictionary, English Style Guides, and Reference Materials for the Writer Thesaurus Roget'sRoget's Online dictionaries of over 230 languages, thesaurus, and other useful word and language tools, by yourdictionary.com Quotations: An extensive online reference for quotes, dictionary including pronouncing the word, etc. / /

The Browser’s Bookmark and Favorites Lists Bookmarks and favorite lists are simple means of creating a set of useful reference links… Can be used in linking personal sites, frequently visited sports sites, and business. Travel and entertainment

Local Massachusetts Libraries available online

Public and University e-libs in Massachusetts The Boston Public Library, The CLAMS library network for Cape Cod: The Minute Man Library Network Consortium of Libraries made up of the Eastern Massachusetts region -- Route 128 suburban public libraries and academic institutions.The Minute Man Library Network Telnet and web links to Eastern Massachusetts academic institutions.Telnet and web links to Eastern Massachusetts academic institutions.

The Library of Congress (LOC) The nation’s library

The Library of Congress The Library of Congress (LOC) is the federal government's main library and is accessible electronically. The following are some important links to the LOC: Library of Congress Online Catalogs, Thomas, the Congressional legislation, record, and other information, Library of Congress, Collection & Services,

LOC online catalog of its holdings LOC attempts to have a copy of every book published. Its has one of the largest collections of books and other media in the world.

Inter-library loan from the LOC The LOC books and materials can only be borrowed through librarians at other approved libraries as intermediary. If you want a book from the LOC, contact the reference librarian of a library where you are a card holder.

The Virtual Library The virtual library is an online web site created by professional librarians for the professional researcher.

What is the Virtual Library It is a collection of sites and materials evaluated for their content and usefulness and designed to assist the specialist in finding material in an efficient manner. The virtual library is a catalogue of special collections of data, documents, and research and reference tools for information found in web sites. It does not have a physical library of books but has only electronic documents. Finally, virtual libraries are also called Gateways, Information Portals, and Cyber libraries

Examples of Virtual Libraries The WWW Virtual Library was started soon after the WWW was created by Tim Berners-Lee and a large group of volunteers. While extensive it is not uniformly maintained. The University of Michigan's School for Information it seeks to learn by doing -- using the faculty and graduate students to create a state of the art information system. An online collection that will grow and follow leading edge of the art practices.

Special collections and databases Contain information about specific topics. Librarians and research specialists examine and select material based on relevance, organize them into databases, and/or create index catalogs. Scientific data, presidential documents, patents, laws and legal precedents are examples of special collections. Social Science Data Archives (an extensive annotated survey of global data) IBM Intellectual Property Network This site can provide a good starting point but patents have many legal and technical issues that require the use of research professionals and highly specialized databases. US Patent Office All US patents since 1790 US Patent Office

Examples of Virtual Libraries The WWW Virtual Library was started soon after the WWW was created by Tim Berners-Lee and a large group of volunteers. While extensive it is not uniformly maintained. The University of Michigan's School for Information it seeks to learn by doing -- using the faculty and graduate students to create a state of the art information system. An online collection that will grow and follow leading edge of the art practices.

Worldcat -- finding books and other materials by search the world’s libraries Worldcat.org claims to have a 1 billion items (books, videos, music, articles) in more than 10,000 libraries world wide. Source:

Worldcat (more) WorldCat is the world's largest network of library content and services. WorldCat libraries are dedicated to providing access to their resources on the Web, where most people start their search for information.

What can you do? Search many libraries at once for an item and then locate it in a library nearby Find books, music, and videos to check out Find research articles and digital items (like audiobooks) that can be directly viewed or downloaded Link to "Ask a Librarian" and other services at your library Post your review of an item, or contribute factual information about it

Evaluating and Using the Information Found The fact that the information matches your query is not the end of the trail. The material may be totally worthless, deliberately misleading, or even criminal in intent

Did You Find Gold? Questions to consider:Concepts Who is the author(s) and/ or institution that created the document Does the author's supplied background support the needed expertise? Is the organization reputable? Is the information timely?Is the information current or is it outdated or overtaken by events? Who is the target audience?Is it written for the general public, a group with an emotional or political bias, or is it a professional society?

When in doubt ask a librarian: The librarian is a trained professional and are well versed in using the various WWW resources for finding answers to a vast array of subjects. The librarian should be used for difficult searches; but the student will wisely observe, learn, and contemplate the librarian's techniques, resources, and methods. Remember the old African proverb: Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day Teach a man to fish and you feed him for life.

Wikipedia – A case in point Wikipedia is an open source encyclopedia that allows any one to add and edit materials.Wikipedia It depends on the public to create, edit, and to review and error check. Because it not peer reviewed like academic journals most faculty do not allow students to use Wikipedia as source materials for papers, etc. Using Wikipedia should be done with care and all materials should be verified through alternative sources.

How does this impact Academia? “Thirty years from now, the big university campuses will be relics... The college won’t survive as a residential institution.” Peter Drucker

Academia vs. Private Institutions The accessibility to the Internet’s resources has allowed non-accredited private institutions to compete with established academic institutions for on-line training and education Over the last ten years, the price of private and public university education has more than doubled. Academia may be overpricing itself. Brilliant researchers vs. brilliant teachers

Evaluate Sources Traditional academia has checks and balances to make sure that fraudulent claims are not perpetuated throughout society. The Internet allows anyone to publish anything without being reviewed by peers and colleagues. The Internet is dynamic not static. Information is not always accessible again and therefore not reproducible.

What is Distance Learning? distance learning n. 1. Education or training that occurs away from the source of instruction and information.

Pros and Cons of Distance Learning Pros Can take classes from professors all over the world Available to people who have jobs, have children, are sick, are in prison, or are in remote areas of the world. Classes not offered locally can be found online. Cost effective Cons Not face to face Less effective in building academic relationships, business networks, or personal relationships. Think about the MUDs. Higher level of motivation required

Examples of Distance Learning The Open University since 1980 Open Courseware at M.I.T. Distance Learning through UMASS Lowell Duke University’s Fuqua School of Business Virginia Commonwealth University

Virtual Universities Public Institutions UMass Online Western Governor’s University International University Athena University Private Institutions Microsoft Online Learning Oracle Learning Architecture