1. Copyright and Plagiarism and Citations, Oh My! SCHOOL OF PHARMACY
Terri Wilson
Unit Assistant Director & Pharmacy Liaison Librarian
Harrington Library of the Health Sciences
To discuss these three entertwined topics, we will have to go back to the beginning.

2. WHAT IS COPYRIGHT?
Copyright is federal law. It is Title 17 of the United States Code. It is comprised of 13 chapters. Chapter 1, Section 107 is the part that is usually of most interest to those of us in academe: Fair Use.

3. United States Code, Title 17 - Copyrights
FAIR USE
United States Code, Title 17 - Copyrights
§107 – Limitations on exclusive rights: Fair Use
Allows you to use parts of a work without the copyright owner's permission
Does NOT mean that you don't have to cite the work
Fair Use only means that you do not have to ask permission to use a part of a work. You still have to cite it properly. Copyright infringement and plagiarism are two different things. More on plagiarism later.

4. 17 USC §107 – Limitations on exclusive rights: Fair Use
Four criteria for determining fair use:
The purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes
The nature of the copyrighted work
The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole
The effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work
There are only four criteria that you must consider in order to decide if your use of copyrighted material is Fair Use. But you must consider all four in each instance of use. Let's look at each of these criteria more closely.

5. FAIR USE
What does that mean?
The purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes
Criticism
Commentary
Scholarly
Commercial
Public presentation
In-house presentation
It is important to remember that just because your use is for a nonprofit purpose does not automatically make it Fair Use. Just as something of a commercial nature does not automatically negate Fair Use. All four criteria must be considered.

6. What does that mean? The nature of the copyrighted work FAIR USE Facts
Fiction
Published
Unpublished
Data
Out-of-print
Public domain
Anything published in the U.S. before January 1, 1923
All U.S. government materials are public domain
FDA-approved labels are considered government documents and therefore are in the public domain. Public domain does not mean publicly available. An article published on a web page may be easily accessed by the public, but it is still protected by copyright law.

7. FAIR USE
What does that mean?
The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole
A section
A chapter
An image
5% of total work
50% of total work
Entire work
There is no specific limit to the amount of a copyrighted work that you can use in Fair Use. Ten pages, fifty pages. It’s all in relation to the work as a whole. I cannot copy the entire “Wonder Woman” movie and upload it to YouTube. But I might be able to put a cartoon into my PowerPoint slideshow. Yes, I would be using the whole work – the whole cartoon image -- but I would also consider the other three criteria.

8. FAIR USE
What does that mean?
The effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work
Has the effect of avoiding paying for royalties
Preserves a rare copy
Stored on public webspace
Access behind password-protection
If you work for or go to school at a university and the university’s library subscribes to a journal, you are still not allowed to a copy of an article from that journal to everyone in your department. It has the effect of denying that publisher all of those individual subscriptions, especially if you do it on a regular basis. It is always best to the citation to the article and allow each individual to download their own copy of the full-text.

9. NOW WHAT?
So you have determined that your use of a small part of a copyrighted work is Fair Use. Now what? Now you must make sure to cite the work correctly.

10. WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO CITE CORRECTLY?
Three Good Reasons:
Give authors/creators the credit that they deserve.
Help others find the references that you used in your research.
AVOID EVEN THE HINT OF PLAGIARISM!

11. WHAT IS PLAGIARISM?
Plagiarize
to take (ideas, writings, etc.) from (another) and pass them off as one's own
Neufeldt V, ed. Webster's New World Dictionary of American English. Third College Edition. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, Inc.; 1988:1031.
Plagiarizing other people’s work can damage your professional credibility, it can put your job in jeopardy, and as a student, it can result in your dismissal from the pharmacy program. To avoid plagiarism, always cite correctly.

12. Three Types of Citations:
CITING CORRECTLY
Three Types of Citations:
Direct quotes
Paraphrasing
Unique ideas
Direct quotes - must use quotation marks AND cite in your references
Paraphrasing - must cite in your references
Unique ideas - still must cite in your references

13. CITING CORRECTLY
Things to Remember:
Even if the information you find is “free,” you must cite it.
Public domain
Stock photos/footage
Creative Commons (Wikipedia)
IF YOU DID NOT THINK OF IT YOURSELF, YOU MUST CITE IT!!

14. EVERYTHING ON THE INTERNET IS NOT FREE!
CITING CORRECTLY
EVERYTHING ON THE INTERNET IS NOT FREE!
On a website, do your best to find the author of an article or the organization/company behind the website.
Do not assume an image on a website is there legally, especially if there is no creator attribution on the image.
There is no such thing as “Google Images” as a copyright owner or publisher.
Google Images is a search engine. You do not cite to Google Images. You click on the link to the website where the image actually is and you find the owner/creator of that image.

15. Parts of a book citation:
CITATION FORMAT – BOOK
Parts of a book citation:
Author(s)
Book title
Edition
Publisher
Publication year

16. CITATION FORMAT – JOURNAL ARTICLE
Parts of a journal article citation:
Article title
Author(s)
Page number
Publication year
Issue number
Journal title
Volume number
Publication month

17. And don’t forget the bibliographic tools that the Libraries subscribe to. These make citing correctly much easier.

18. If you have any questions about copyright or citations, please don’t hesitate to call ( ) or me