WELL-BEING AS AN INDICATOR: A MARINE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT APPLICATION Courtland SMITH - Oregon State University Patricia M. CLAY - NOAA Fisheries AAA Meetings, November 2007

Ingelhart & Klingemann 2000:168 Well-being empty zone

Ingelhart & Klingemann 2000:176

Life Satisfaction from World Values Survey, n= 42,601 (Inglehart et al. 1998:34) Skew = -0.65

(van Praag and Ferrer-I-Carbonell 2004:45) Skew E Germany W Germany -1.00

Income distributions Oregon, Clatsop & Lincoln counties, Astoria, Newport, & Coquille Tribe Source: city & county US Census & survey Oregon1.17 Astoria1.20 Clatsop1.23 Newport1.38 Lincoln1.38 Coquille1.45 Skew Coquille Oregon

1994 data from National Opinion Research Center (1999), n= 2627, Question 157, range 0 to 4, not too happy to very happy, US population averaged by income class, 75k, correlation is (Easterlin 2001:468)

Hi subjective Lo objective Hi subjective Hi objective Lo subjective Lo objective Lo subjective Hi objective Objective, etic, material well-being Subjective, emic, perceived well-being Direction of improving well-being lo hi

Point Judith, Rhode Island mill worker/fisher comparison (Poggie and Gersuny 1974)

Deckhand The Nova Scotia offshore fishery (Binkley 1995:9, 75) Midshore and trawlers differ significantly at p<0.01. Captain and crew differ at p<0.05 Crew Captain Trawler Midshore

Six New Jersey gear types (Gatewood and McCay 1990:21) No significant difference exists between the six gear groups

Aftermath of the1994 Coho Closure (Smith and Gilden 2000; Smith et al. 2000; Gilden and Smith 1996 a, b)

Oregon Troll OR and WA Gillnet Troll0.11 Gillnet0.68 Overall satisfaction skew Gilden and Smith 1996a, b

Am Indians Watershed Coordinators Students Lawyers Trollers Gillnetters Tribe Comparisons with trollers and gilllnetters in Gilden and Smith (1996a, b) Differences with trollers and gillnetters are significant at p<0.01

Self- Actualization/ Identity Belonging/ Place Physiological/ Basic needs/ Occupation + - Wikipedia

Factor analysis, commercial fishers, charter boat operators, and fish plant workers, Petersburg and Craig, Alaska, n=135 (Pollnac and Poggie 2006:332)

Pollnac and Poggie 2006: Differences are significant at p<0.02, except for commercial and Craig

Factor analysis commercial and recreational fishermen, n=1336 (Smith 1981:186)

Smith 1981: Differences between recreation and commercial are significant at p<0.001

Conclusions Objective-etic-material vs subjective-emic-perceptual comparisons are supported in numerous studies Extensive subjective anthropological research on fishing groups, objective well-being less measured Lack comparison with non-fishers and across time Better sampling and common measures are needed Individual data lacking, little recognition that objective, material distributions are positively skewed and subjective, perceptual ones are negatively skewed Fishing groups more often in high objective and high subjective quadrant Powerlessness from being managed or controlled lowers the subjective well-being measure

Acknowledgments NOAA Fisheries (NMFS), Office of Science and Technology NOAA Office of Sea Grant, Oregon Sea Grant Program Review by Fred Serchuk