18 th CENTURY SOCIETY & CULTURE
POPULATION 1725: 13 Million 1762: 19 Million 1796: 36 Million Overwhelming rural
18 th CENTURY SOCIETY & CULTURE AGRICULTURE & SERFDOM Continued expansion But no modernization or increase in productivity Focus = subsistence production Serfs often supplemented income with crafts
18 th CENTURY SOCIETY & CULTURE INDUSTRY & LABOR Growth in # of manufactories & # of laborers State maintained directive role But also encouraged private enterprise Continued to conscript peasants into labor force
18 th CENTURY SOCIETY & CULTURE TRADE Internal South traded food products for finished products from north External Exports & imports tripled Russia became important grain supplier
18 th CENTURY SOCIETY & CULTURE SOCIAL CLASSES Golden age of nobility 1% of population But dominated country Loyal service generously rewarded But new western lifestyle expensive
18 th CENTURY SOCIETY & CULTURE SOCIAL CLASSES Peasantry = majority Serfs (privately owned) State peasants Owed landlords 2 kinds of service: OBROK = monetary payments BARSHCHINA = labor
18 th CENTURY SOCIETY & CULTURE SOCIAL CLASSES Clergy Position deteriorated anti-clericalism state seizure of lands compensation inadequate
18 th CENTURY SOCIETY & CULTURE SOCIAL CLASSES Townspeople Population growth Divided into 3 categories: merchants artisans workers But still not prominent or numerous
18 th CENTURY SOCIETY & CULTURE CULTURE Distinct period in Russian history In many ways = break with past Main influence = Enlightenment Domain of nobility secular urban western-oriented
18 th CENTURY SOCIETY & CULTURE CULTURE Phases of cultural development: Under Peter: borrowed western technology Mid-century: adopted western manners, fashion, art Under Catherine: brought western ideas & philosophy
18 th CENTURY SOCIETY & CULTURE CULTURE Process was incomplete Very little effect on peasantry Created large gap between elites & masses Old traditions persist & reject new