Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 16 – Psychoanalysis A History of Psychology: Ideas and Context (4 th edition) D. Brett King, Wayne Viney, and William Douglas Woody This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis a worldview. Psychoanalysis impacts a variety of fields in the sciences and humanities.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Freud Sigmund Freud spent approximately 10 years studying other therapies. He first used the term psychoanalysis in He launched his system in 1900 with the publication of The Interpretation of Dreams.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Freud Freud emphasized psychological determinism. He argued that humans must be included in the animal kingdom. He emphasized the importance of the following –unconscious influences –development –the role of motivation He focused on developing an applied psychology.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Freud For Freud, life’s goal is to seek pleasure and avoid pain, but the quest for pleasure is inevitably frustrated. Freud identified three sources of suffering. –Our own body –The hostile world in which we live. –Other people. We cope with our frustration through work, intoxication, religion, loving, art, and the flight into mental illness.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Freud Freud’s structure of personality is central. –The id is a reservoir of unacceptable urges, thoughts, feelings, and memories. The id uses primary process to satisfy needs and libido, psychic energies that are directed toward gratification. –The ego is the I or me of personality. The ego must balance the needs of the id, the superego, and reality. The ego uses secondary process of devising ways through which drives can be satisfied in acceptable ways. –The superego consists of internalized social norms, ideals, and standards. It functions as a conscience. in its demands for perfection it is as irrational as the id.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Freud Freud emphasized motivation and unconscious processes. Evidence for the unconscious included the following. –Demonstrations of hypnosis by Bernheim. –Dreams –Slips of the tongue –Purposeful forgetting Trieb is better translated as “drive” instead of “instinct.” –There are four components to a drive: source, Impetus aim object –A particularly strong attachment to a stimulus is a fixation.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Freud Freud described three basic types of anxiety. –Objective anxiety is associated with threats to our well-being. –Neurotic anxiety arises when the ego is threatened by the irrational demands of the id. –Moral anxiety occurs when the ego is threatened by the irrational demands of the superego.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Freud Defense mechanisms of the ego serve to protect the ego from the demands of the id, the superego, and the demands of society. –Repression is the basic defense mechanism and “the cornerstone” of psychoanalysis. –Additional defense mechanisms include projection, regression, reaction formation, sublimation, identification, and others.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Freud Freud believed that childhood experiences can affect adult experience. Freud defines “sexual” in an broad sense related to intense physical pleasure. –“Sexual” is not necessarily associated with sexual intercourse. Freud argued for a series of stages of psychosexual development in which the focus of pleasure changed over time. The stages include the following. –the oral stage –the anal stage –the phallic stage (when the Oedipus complex occurs for boys and the Electra complex occurs and penis envy develops in girls) –the Latency period –the Genital stage

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Freud Psychoanalysis is –a worldview –a system of psychology –a therapeutic technique. Freud’s therapy reflected his larger view of the mind, including the following. –preconscious mind –manifest content and latent content in dreams –free association –transference and countertransference –other methods of investigation of the unconscious.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Freud Freud’s social psychology was explained in Civilization and Its Discontents and “Warum Krieg” (“Why War?”). –Freud discussed the tensions between pleasure drives and aggressive drives. –Civilization constrains eros. –This constraint makes civilization a source of frustration.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Freud Appreciative overviews of Freud –His contributions to developmental psychology –The recognition of unconscious processes –His focus on motivation –The development of a method of therapy –Wide interdisciplinary contributions

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Freud Criticisms of Freud –His tendency to overgeneralize –A lack of empirical verification –His closedness regarding other ideas –An overemphasis on sexuality –Questionable effectiveness of psychoanalytic treatment –His impoverished view of female sexuality

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Adler Alfred Adler broke from Freud and proposed individual psychology. –Adler emphasized social interest A natural capacity to identify with the goals of society to achieve a common good The logical and teleological aspects of human life. –He endorsed a broad approach to methodology. –Goals and the style of life are both relevant to Alder’s psychology. Experiences and behaviors must be understood in relation to our goals, some of which may be fictional final goals. The style of life refers to all the unique behaviors that characterize personality and that move an individual toward goals.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Adler Adler recognized that inferiority may function as a source of motivation. –An inferiority complex may lead to compensation or overcompensation. Adler recognized social influences in birth order and the family constellation. Adler argued that life’s major problems center around work, interaction with others, and sexual intimacy.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Jung Originally selected as Freud’s successor, Carl Gustav Jung was left the fold and developed analytic psychology. Jung accepted both case study and experimental approaches to psychology. The structure of the personality includes conscious and unconscious elements. The ego negotiates between inner needs and the demands of the outer world.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Jung Jung’s views of unconscious processes have inspired controversy. He distinguished between one’s personal unconscious and the collective unconscious. –The collective unconscious holds human archetypes that are present for all humans. The shadow is the antagonist for whatever is publicly dominant. The persona is the public image. The self is the great unifying principle in the psyche. The anima is a female archetype in men; the animus is a male archetype in women.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Jung Jung introduced concepts of introversion and extroversion as attitudes. He described four basic psychological functions: –Thinking –Feeling –Sensation –Intuition Jung emphasized the importance of teleology. –He argued that final causation complements material, efficient, and formal causes. –He explored teleological explanations for synchronicity. Jung’s approach to psychotherapy was less structured than Freud’s approach.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Horney Karen Danielsen Horney was a prominent critic of Freudian theory. She emphasized sociocultural influences in personality and neurosis. –During the course of development and the emergence of the real self, children may experience basic anxiety. –A person may develop neurotic trends of coping with basic anxiety

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Horney Horney identified three unconscious movements of neurotic individuals. –The compliant type moves toward other people –The hostile type moves against other people –The detached type moves away from other people. Such strategies may establish an ideal self in tension with the real self. A neurotic person may develop blind spots by denying experiences that are inconsistent with the ideal self. –These neurotic solutions may induce self-hatred or –a tyranny of the should. Horney also investigated feminine psychology. She criticized Freud’s account of feminine sexuality. Horney saw gender differences as a function of environment.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Other Developments in psychoanalysis Other developments continue. –The nature of motivation and the ego have been questioned extensively. –Psychoanalysis has developed greater sensitivity to social and cultural influences.