“To believe that exponential growth may last eternally in a limited world, you must be crazy, or an economist.” - Kenneth Boulding CP551 Sustainable Development 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

Module 7: Industrial and Service Sectors and their impact on Sustainable Development. 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

Industry Unlimited Raw material Unlimited Energy Capital Labour Unlimited Waste material Products Unlimited Environmental degradation 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini Unlimited

08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini Source: An example from the present (and future): Strip mining for coal

08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini Source: Over 1000 miles of streams have been buried by strip mine waste In Appalachian Mountains that run from Southern New York to Northern Georgia and Alabama through 13 states.

08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini In 2000, 60 million tons out of the almost 170 million tons of coal mined in West Virginia were from strip mines. Source: 75% of West Virginia's streams and rivers are polluted by mining and other industries. 300,000 acres of hardwood forest in West Virginia have been destroyed by mountaintop removal practiced in strip mining.

08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini An example from the present (and future): Mining for phosphate Source: Open-pit phosphate mined in Idaho Citezen trying to protect the Horse Creek in Florida from phosphate mining

08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini An example from the present (and future): Forest industry waste Source: ‘most "wood" companies only handle one type of wood and burn the rest.’ These burn piles are 15 to 20 ft high.

08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini Source: More than 500 factories (mostly textiles) line the banks of the 200-mile Citarum river, near the Indonesian capital of Jakarta. An example from the present (and future): Factory waste

08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini Source: news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/england/ stm Anglian Water, one of the UK's biggest water companies, has been fined £200,000 for polluting River Crouch with raw sewage after Roy Hart, an Essex fisherman, took out a private prosecution. Court also ordered Anglian Water to pay Roy Hart £9,500 to cover his legal costs. An example from the past: Factory waste

- Degradation of ecosystems (forest, fresh water, marine, etc.) - Upsetting the carbon cycle, resulting in global warming and climate change and the consequences - Depletion of the ozone layer - Pesticide, heavy metals and other persistent toxic chemicals like DDT and PCBs poisoning the web of life - Loss of clean air - Genetically modified (GM) food Ecocides of Manmade origin: 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

- what more? Ecocides of Manmade origin: 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

Source: A cartoonist’s view of life on earth with such ecosystem destroying industries

Industry Unlimited Raw material Unlimited Energy Capital Labour Unlimited Waste Products Unlimited Environmental degradation 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini Unlimited End-of pipe treatment

08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini Nuclear industry waste Corroding nuclear waste drums on seabed in UK territorial waters dumped between 1950 and Source: news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/ stm Los Alamos National Laboratory has disposed of about 13.5 million ft 3 of radioactive and chemical solid wastes in ‘Material Disposal Area G’ since Source:

08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini Source: huge-pile-of-com Computer industry waste

08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini Source: A cartoonist’s view of civilized life on earth

Unlimited Raw material Unlimited Energy Capital Labour Unlimited Waste Products Unlimited Environmental degradation 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini Unlimited Industry

08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini Let’s take a look at how Nature produces and what Nature does with its waste.

08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini Example: Forest ecosystem Source: The components of ecosystem are those physical things that contain energy and nutrients.

08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini Source: Example: Forest ecosystem

08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini Source: Example: Forest ecosystem

08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini Source: Example: Forest ecosystem

08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini Source: Another example: Fresh water ecosystem

Industry Unlimited Raw material Unlimited Energy Capital Labour No Waste Products No Environmental degradation 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini Unlimited R Zero effluent soultion

Industry Unlimited Energy Capital Labour No Waste Products No Environmental degradation 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini Unlimited R Industrial Ecology Raw material (only to start)

- No waste - Energy efficiently utilized (possibly solar power) - No materials beyond those required to start the system - Complete recycling within the system Industrial Ecology: 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini Source: S. Manahan, Industrial Ecology, 1999

"One of the most important concepts of industrial ecology is that, like the biological system, it rejects the concept of waste." Industrial Ecology: 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini Source: T. Graedel and B. Allenby, Industrial Ecology, 1995

Let us take a look at a functional industrial ecosystem Industrial Ecology: 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

Sugar refinery Sugar Agricultural farm Molasses Bagasse Filter sludge The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, Sugar cane

08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini Sugar refinery Alcohol plant SugarAlcohol Agricultural farm Molasses Alcohol residue Bagasse Filter sludge The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, Sugar cane

08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini Sugar refinery Fertilizer plant Alcohol plant SugarAlcohol Fertilizer Agricultural farm Molasses Alcohol residue Bagasse Filter sludge The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, Sugar cane

08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini Sugar refinery Pulp plant Paper mill Fertilizer plant Alcohol plant SugarAlcohol Fertilizer Paper Pulp Agricultural farm Molasses Alcohol residue Bagasse Wastewater Black liquor Filter sludge The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, Sugar cane

08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini Sugar refinery Pulp plant Paper mill Fertilizer plant Alcohol plant SugarAlcohol Fertilizer Alkalai Paper Pulp Agricultural farm Molasses Alcohol residue Bagasse Wastewater Alkalai recovery Black liquor White sludge Filter sludge The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, Sugar cane

08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini Sugar refinery Pulp plant Paper mill Fertilizer plant Alcohol plant SugarAlcohol Fertilizer Alkalai Paper Pulp Agricultural farm Molasses Alcohol residue Bagasse Wastewater Alkalai recovery Black liquor White sludge Filter sludge The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, Sugar cane

08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini Sugar refinery Pulp plant Paper mill Cement mill Fertilizer plant Alcohol plant SugarAlcohol Fertilizer Cement Alkalai Paper Pulp Agricultural farm Molasses Alcohol residue Bagasse Wastewater Alkalai recovery Black liquor White sludge Filter sludge The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, Sugar cane

- The industrial symbiosis took 40 years to develop. - It has been spontaneously developed first through internal investments, and then through cooperation with partners in the regions. - Developing by-product exchanges within a region is beneficial in many ways (reduced emissions and disposal costs). - However, it is counter to business trends such as focusing on their core competence and avoiding development of “distracting” profit centers. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini Source: Q. Zhu, E.A. Lowe, Y. Wei, and D. Barnes, Industrial Symbiosis in China: A Case Study of the Guitang Group. J. of Industrial Ecology 11(1): 31-42

Symbiotic interactions between organisms: Commensalism: one population benefits and the other is not affected 01 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini Mutualism: both populations benefit and they need each other for survival Protocooperation: both populations benefit but the relationship is not obligatory Amensalism - one is inhibited and the other is not affected Competition – one’s fitness is lowered by the presence of the other Parasitism – one is inhibited and for the other its obligatory

For yet another functional industrial ecosystem, go to the presentation on The Industrial Symbiosis at Kalundborg, Denmark by Jørgen Christensen Consultant to the Symbiosis Institute Industrial Ecology: 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini Source: Industrial%20Ecology/Presentations/11%20Christensen.pdf

Eco-Industrial Development Strategies Resource Recovery, Pollution Prevention, and Cleaner Production Integration into Natural Ecosystems Industrial Clustering Green Design Life Cycle Assessment Deconstruction and De-manufacturing Environmental Management Systems Technological Innovation & Continuous Environmental Improvement Job Training Public Participation and Collaboration Source: Mary Schlarb, Eco-Industrial Development: A Strategy for Building Sustainable Communities, Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

Source: 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini Design for Environment (DfE) Strategies raw material extracting & processing manufacturing packaging & distribution product use end-of-life recycling repair & reuse cradle-to- grave design paradigm cradle-to- cradle design paradigm

08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini Design for Environment (DfE) Strategies

08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini Life-cycle analysis Inventory analysis provides information regarding consumption of material and energy resources (at the beginning of the cycle) and releases to the environment (during and at the end of the cycle). Impact analysis provides information about the kind and degree of environmental impacts resulting from a complete life cycle of a product or activity. Improvement analysis provides measures that can be taken to reduce impacts on the environment or resources. Source: S. Manahan, Industrial Ecology, 1999

08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini Life-cycle analysis must consider - selection of materials, if there is a choice, that would minimise waste - recyclable components - alternate pathways for the manufacturing process or for various parts of it Source: S. Manahan, Industrial Ecology, reusable and recyclable materials

Eco-Industrial Development Strategies Resource Recovery, Pollution Prevention, and Cleaner Production Integration into Natural Ecosystems Industrial Clustering Green Design Life Cycle Assessment Deconstruction and De-manufacturing Environmental Management Systems Technological Innovation & Continuous Environmental Improvement Job Training Public Participation and Collaboration Source: Mary Schlarb, Eco-Industrial Development: A Strategy for Building Sustainable Communities, Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

“We cannot solve our problems with the same ways of thinking that produced them.” Albert Einstein