Water relations and horticulture HORT 301: Plant Physiology Mike Mickelbart
Lecture outline Who cares about water? Review water movement in plants Examples of water relations in horticulture
Drought U.S.
The Kettleman Hills near the town of Kettleman City, California, along I-5, May Normally, the hills would be green at this time, but less than 1 inch of rain has fallen since January 1, and no annual grasses grew this year.
Barren River Lake, Barren Co, Kentucky, June 16, Reservoir 7.5 feet below summer pool, due to inadequate precipitation throughout the winter and spring seasons. Photo courtesy of Stu Foster.
Franklin, Tennessee, Aug 27, days with temperatures at or above 100°F, Water restrictions currently in effect. Photo courtesy of Jordan Gerth.
Drought
Source: Tucson Weekly
Drought Global Recent articles Scarce water and population boom leads California to 'perfect drought' Jun · No rain forecast in south of state until September · Sprinklers and car washing could be stopped Turkey rations water as cities hit by drought Aug Turkey's two major cities are grappling with water shortages after record low levels of snow and rain in the winter and searing summer temperatures. Darfur conflict heralds era of wars triggered by climate change, UN report warns Jun · Drought and advancing desert blamed for tensions · Chad and southern Africa also at risk from warming Source: Guardian Unlimited
The main question How does water move into and out of plants?
The main question How does water move into and out of plants? –Driving force = water potential
The main question How does water move into and out of plants? –Driving force = water potential
The main question How does water move into and out of plants? –Driving force = water potential –Series of resistances Leaf
The main question How does water move into and out of plants? –Driving force = water potential –Series of resistances Leaf Xylem Root Soil
Examples of water relations in horticulture Irrigation scheduling Fruit production Greenhouse management Stress monitoring in vineyards Evaporative cooling Transplant shock Partial root zone drying Saline irrigation water Water use efficiency
Fruit growth Turgor essential for fruit growth –fruit create water stress in trees –excessive turgor leads to splitting Splitting in fruits –Changes in turgor –Cell wall elasticity Turgor potential drives growth (1/V)(dV/dt) = (P-Y) V = volume = cell wall extensibility P = turgor pressure Y = yield threshold ©Ed Hume Enterprises
Greenhouse management Relative humidity Water uptake Plant cooling Nutrient uptake Air flow Boundary layer
Blossom end rot
Identification of stress
Vineyard stress monitoring
Evaporative cooling Average temps for parts of apple tree during 156 h overhead sprinkling Mean temp Irrigationairbarkleaffruit Overtree Undertree Nonirrigated
Transplant shock Soil differences
Water use efficiency (WUE) Definition –Mass/water Mass –Total biomass –Above-ground biomass –Yield Fruit Flowers Grain Others Scales –Ecosystem –Field/Greenhouse –Landscape –Plant –Leaf
Irrigation Irrigation efficiencies –Ea –Eu Irrigation application considerations –ET –Uniformity –Timing –Crop requirements
Partial root zone drying VarietyVariableControlPRD Shiraz Yield (t/ha) Water (Ml/ha) Yield/water Cabernet sauvignon Yield (t/ha) Water (Ml/ha) Yield/water Riesling Yield (t/ha) Water (Ml/ha) Yield/water Riesling Yield (t/ha) Water (Ml/ha) Yield/water Yield and water use of winegrapes McCarthy, 2000
Partial root zone drying
Water use efficiency Plant WUE –Species
Water use efficiency Plant WUE –Within species P. deltoides x P. maximowicziiP. nigra x P. maximowiczii
Examples of water relations in horticulture Irrigation scheduling Fruit production Greenhouse management Stress monitoring in vineyards Evaporative cooling Transplant shock Partial root zone drying Saline irrigation water Water use efficiency