The Concept of Culture Think of 10 ways in which we use the word culture or cultural. Eg. Culture shock, Canadian culture, multicultural

C. ConstructionC. AwarenessDeviant C. C. ShockUnderground C.Rural C. AgriculturePop C.Youth C. Global C.C. Identitygay/lesbian C C. ExchangeC. PerspectiveC. Assimilation Cross-CElite C.Dead C C. DiversityC. SustainabilityCafé C. MulticulturalCanadian C.C. event To be C.C. ImperialismC. survival High C.C. Hegemonydrug C. EnculturationC. Evolution Subculture C. Phenomenonuncultured World C. InterculturalConsumer C Bacterial C. Counter C.Safety C Public C.. C. GenocideCorporate C.C. Relativism The Concept of Culture

A Way of Life Rural C.Corporate C. Canadian C. Youth C. Café C.Island C. Non-anthropological/sociological Agriculture Bacterial C. Horticulture, Aquaculture A continuum Global C. World C.C. Evolution Public C. A set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices Counter C.Safety C.drug C. Subculture Consumer C C. Perspective gay/lesbian C Refinement of mind, tastes, and manners High C. Elite C To be C. uncultured

An object (of manipulation) C. SustainabilityC. GenocideDead C C. survival C. Hegemony C. Imperialism C. event C. Heritage A disparagement of difference C. Shock Deviant C. Pop C.Underground C. Subculture C. Assimilation A sense of agency C. Construction Enculturation A celebration of difference C. DiversityC. AwarenessMulticulturalC. Relativism InterculturalCross-CC. Exchange A sense of identity and otherness C. Identity Canadian C

Edward Burnett Tylor Culture or civilization, taken in its wide ethnographic sense, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired my man as a member of society. E. B. Tylor 1871

`The sum total of knowledge, attitudes and habitual behaviour patterns shared and transmitted by the members of a particular society' Ralph Linton (1940). The pattern of life within a community, the regularly recurring activities and material and social arrangements characteristic of a particular group'. Ward Goodenough (1957):

“Culture is the framework of beliefs, expressive symbols, and values in terms of which individuals define their feelings and make their judgements” (Geertz 1957 American Anthropologist 59:32-54). Geertz 1973: `an historically transmitted pattern of meaning embodied in symbols, a system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic form by means which men communicate' (1973: 89).

Topical:Culture consists of everything on a list of topics, or categories, such as social organization, religion, or economy Historical Culture is social heritage, or tradition, that is passed on to future generations Behavioral Culture is shared, learned human behavior, a way of life the total way of life of a people Normative Culture is ideals, values, or rules for living a way of thinking, feeling, and believing Functional Culture is the way humans solve problems of adapting to the environment or living together Mental Culture is a complex of ideas, or learned habits, that inhibit impulses and distinguish people from animals Structural Culture consists of patterned and interrelated ideas, symbols, or behaviors Symbolic Culture is based on arbitrarily assigned meanings that are shared by a society

Culture is Relative Culture is a way of life Material Objects Ideas Attitudes Values Behavior Patterns “Everything that people have, think, and do as members of a society” (Ferraro, 2006)

What is Canadian Culture? I A M C A N A D I A N !!! I am not a lumberjack or a fur trader, And I don't live in an igloo or eat blubber or own a dogsled, And I don't know Jimmy, Sally, or Susie from Canada, Although I am certain they are really, really nice. I have a Prime Minister, not a President. I speak English and French, not American. And I pronounce it "about"... not "a-boot". I can proudly sew my country's flag on my backpack. I believe in peacekeeping not policing; Diversity not assimilation; And that the beaver is a truly proud and noble animal! A tuque is hat; a chesterfield is a couch. And it is pronounced ZED not ZEE, ZED! Canada is the second largest landmass, The first nation of hockey, And the best part of North America!

Culture reified

 Values  Norms  Ideas/Beliefs  Attitudes  Symbols  Traditions  Artifacts Dimensions of Culture

Characteristics of Culture  Culture is learned  Culture is unconscious  Culture is shared  Culture is integrated  Culture is Symbolic  Culture is a way of life  Culture is Dynamic  Culture is Relative

Culture is learned How do we learn our culture? Enculteration

Culture is unconscious

Culture is shared

USA89% French Canada81% English Canada77% United Kingdom71% Italy69% France59% Australia25% Such findings signal that Canadian values, ideas, and attitudes should not be relied upon when planning marketing forays into foreign consumer markets Everyone should use a deodorant Culture is Relative

Culture is Integrated Kinship Medicine law Economics Religion

Culture is Symbolic

A wink or a twitch

Culture is Dynamic

 To communicate - makes the actions of individuals intelligible to others  A tool  gives meaning to differences  Identity  Adaptive Why do humans have Culture? What is its function? Can culture be maladaptive?

Is Culture Public or Private? Ishi ?-1916

What is society?

`A distinct and relatively autonomous community whose members' mutual social relations are embedded in and expressed through the medium of culture'. `Any portion of a community regarded as a unit distinguishable by particular aims or standards of living or conduct'. i.e. culture `A group of people who occupy a specific locality and who share the same cultural traditions or culture.' Society