1. The Concept of Culture Think of 10 ways in which we use the word culture or cultural. Eg. Culture shock, Canadian culture, multicultural

2. C. ConstructionC. AwarenessDeviant C. C. ShockUnderground C.Rural C. AgriculturePop C.Youth C. Global C.C. Identitygay/lesbian C C. ExchangeC. PerspectiveC. Assimilation Cross-CElite C.Dead C C. DiversityC. SustainabilityCafé C. MulticulturalCanadian C.C. event To be C.C. ImperialismC. survival High C.C. Hegemonydrug C. EnculturationC. Evolution Subculture C. Phenomenonuncultured World C. InterculturalConsumer C Bacterial C. Counter C.Safety C Public C.. C. GenocideCorporate C.C. Relativism The Concept of Culture

3. A Way of Life Rural C.Corporate C. Canadian C. Youth C. Café C. Non-anthropological/sociological Agriculture Bacterial C. A continuum Global C. World C.C. Evolution Public C. A set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices To be C. High C. uncultured C. event Counter C. Safety C Elite C C. Phenomenon. drug C. Consumer C C. Perspective gay/lesbian C A sense of identity and otherness C. Identity Canadian C

4. An object (of manipulation) C. SustainabilityC. GenocideDead C C. survival C. Hegemony C. Imperialism A disparagement of difference C. Shock Deviant C. Pop C.Underground C. Subculture C. Assimilation A sense of agency C. Construction Enculturation A celebration of difference C. DiversityC. Awareness MulticulturalC. Relativism InterculturalCross-CC. Exchange

5. Edward Burnett Tylor 1832-1917 Culture or civilization, taken in its wide ethnographic sense, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired my man as a member of society. E. B. Tylor 1871

6. `The sum total of knowledge, attitudes and habitual behaviour patterns shared and transmitted by the members of a particular society' Ralph Linton (1940). The pattern of life within a community, the regularly recurring activities and material and social arrangements characteristic of a particular group'. Ward Goodenough (1957):

7. “Culture is the framework of beliefs, expressive symbols, and values in terms of which individuals define their feelings and make their judgements” (Geertz 1957 American Anthropologist 59:32-54). Geertz 1973: `an historically transmitted pattern of meaning embodied in symbols, a system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic form by means which men communicate' (1973: 89).

8. What is Canadian Culture? I A M C A N A D I A N !!! I am not a lumberjack or a fur trader, And I don't live in an igloo or eat blubber or own a dogsled, And I don't know Jimmy, Sally, or Susie from Canada, Although I am certain they are really, really nice. I have a Prime Minister, not a President. I speak English and French, not American. And I pronounce it "about"... not "a-boot". I can proudly sew my country's flag on my backpack. I believe in peacekeeping not policing; Diversity not assimilation; And that the beaver is a truly proud and noble animal! A tuque is hat; a chesterfield is a couch. And it is pronounced ZED not ZEE, ZED! Canada is the second largest landmass, The first nation of hockey, And the best part of North America!

9. Culture is Relative Culture is a way of life Material Objects Ideas Attitudes Values Behavior Patterns “Everything that people have, think, and do as members of a society” (Ferraro, 2003)

10. Topical:Culture consists of everything on a list of topics, or categories, such as social organization, religion, or economy Historical Culture is social heritage, or tradition, that is passed on to future generations Behavioral Culture is shared, learned human behavior, a way of life the total way of life of a people Normative Culture is ideals, values, or rules for living a way of thinking, feeling, and believing Functional Culture is the way humans solve problems of adapting to the environment or living together Mental Culture is a complex of ideas, or learned habits, that inhibit impulses and distinguish people from animals Structural Culture consists of patterned and interrelated ideas, symbols, or behaviors Symbolic Culture is based on arbitrarily assigned meanings that are shared by a society

11. Culture reified

12.  Values  Norms  Ideas/Beliefs  Attitudes  Symbols  Traditions  Artifacts Dimensions of Culture

13. Characteristics of Culture  Culture is learned  Culture is unconscious  Culture is shared  Culture is integrated  Culture is Symbolic  Culture is a way of life  Culture is Dynamic  Culture is Relative

14. Culture is learned How do we learn our culture? Enculturation

15. Culture is unconscious

16. Culture is shared

17. USA89% French Canada81% English Canada77% United Kingdom71% Italy69% France59% Australia25% Such findings signal that Canadian values, ideas, and attitudes should not be relied upon when planning marketing forays into foreign consumer markets Everyone should use a deodorant Culture is Relative

18. Culture is Integrated Kinship Medicine Law & politics Economics Religion

19. Culture is Symbolic

21. A wink or a twitch

22. 1896 19181924 1935 1955 1960 1970 1986 1990 2005 Culture is Dynamic

23.  To communicate - makes the actions of individuals intelligible to others  A tool  gives meaning to differences  Identity  Adaptive Why do humans have Culture? What is its function? Can culture be maladaptive?

24. Is Culture Public or Private? Ishi ?-1916

25. What is society?

26. `A distinct and relatively autonomous community whose members' mutual social relations are embedded in and expressed through the medium of culture'. `Any portion of a community regarded as a unit distinguishable by particular aims or standards of living or conduct'. i.e. culture `A group of people who occupy a specific locality and who share the same cultural traditions or culture.' Society

27. Young Huli girls of Papua New Guinea dressed for traditional dance Imagine you wanted to understand how tourism had affected Huli culture. 1.What would you do to prepare yourself for the fieldwork? 2.What would you do when you got there? 3.What would you do when you got back? FIELDWORK

28. BEFORE YOU GO 1.Funding 2.Health Precautions 3.Language 4.Personal Affairs 5.Authorization/Permission 6.Research – Group and Topic

29. “Imagine yourself suddenly set down surrounded by all your gear on a tropical beach close to a native village while the launch or dinghy which has brought you sails away out of sight….Imagine yourself then, making your first entry into the village….Some natives flock around you, especially if they smell tobacco” (Malinowski 1922)

30. kitchen in a local house special dinner for a visitor “I looked up and gasped when I saw a dozen burley, naked, sweaty, hideous men staring at us down the shafts of their drawn arrows! I am not ashamed to admit that had there been a diplomatic way out, I would have ended my fieldwork then and there….I wondered why I ever decided to switch from physics and engineering in the first place. “Chagnon 1983

31. Mt Hagen Local street General store The market

32. “to grasp the native’s point of view, his relation to life, to realise his vision of his world”. Malinowski 1922 What is the goal of Fieldwork?

33. CONDUCTING FIELDWORK 1.Establish Rapport 2.Find an “Informant” 3.Learn Language 4.Take notes, photograph, conduct census, interview, analyze documents, case histories 5.Participate and Observe

34. Stages of Field Research 1.Selecting a Research Problem 2.Formulating a Research Design 3.Collecting the Data 4.Analyzing the Data 5.Interpreting the Data

35. – basic propositions about human nature and motivation, and about the nature of society and culture which guide the inquiry. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY – the process of observing and producing published descriptions of societies, in whole or in part ETHNOGRAPHY: METHOD: – how the ethnographer selects and treats the data of observation THEORY:

36. Deduction

37. Induction

38. 1. I know Joe is a terrible cook, because I've eaten at his house three times and each time the food has been awful. 2. Francois was French, so like all Frenchmen, we knew he would enjoy fine dining. Induction or Deduction?

39. Deductive Methodology Theories Observations Inductive Methodology Logical Deduction Hypotheses Interpretations Patterns Hypotheses Generalizations

40. Meaning and Interpretation

41. Mandan Rain dance George Catlin Manifest and latent Functions

42. Intended versus unintended consequences Martin Luther

43. Ego's cross cousins (in yellow) are distinguished from his parallel cousins (in green) as the children of opposite and same sexed parental siblings, respectively. In many societies the ideal is to marry one’s cross cousin, as he/she will belong to a different lineage (for alliance purposes), or parallel cousin, as the cousin will be in the same lineage (for inheritance purposes). Although the ideal, in actuality only 10% of marriages will be of the ideal type. The Ideal versus the Actual