Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 2 Forces for Change in Europe Renaissance – Humanism (individualism) and Secularization Discovery of the Americas 200 years of church decline Growth of national monarchies Emergence of capitalism and an independent merchant class

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 3 Medieval Worldview Authoritarian – religious (Church) and secular (King) Theocratic – rule by God’s agents, Top-down Theocentric-all life and thought revolves around the church

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 4 Influence of the “New Thought” on other fields of thought Political Thought – Locke and Hobbes HobbesLocke Nature of Manpassionsreason State of naturewarinconvenience Social Contractsurrender ofsurrender of all power tosome power to a sovereigna government (absolutism)(constitutionalism) Alternativenonerevolution

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 5 The Copernican Universe Reconception of the Universe  Reliance on 2 nd -century Greek scholar Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria  Motionless earth inside nine concentric spheres  Christians understand heaven as last sphere Difficulty reconciling model with observed planetary movement 1543 Nicholas Copernicus of Poland breaks theory  Notion of moving Earth challenges Christian doctrine

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 6 The Scientific Revolution Johannes Kepler (Germany, ) and Galileo Galilei (Italy, ) reinforce Copernican model Isaac Newton ( ) “Principia Mathematica” theory of gravity “he found a hodgepodge of isolated facts and laws...and left us a unified system of laws capable of application to an enormous range of physical phenomena.” Rigorous challenge to church doctrines

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 7 Traditional vs. Modern Views of Knowledge Humans Nature God/The Church

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 8 The Enlightenment – The Age of Reason “The political history of the Western world since the 18th century has been dominated by the notion of individual rights.”

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 9 Medieval View of Rights -ordained by birth or status Ex. aristocracy = social organization -fixed by custom or tradition, depending on one’s place in the social hierarchy -group privileges, not individual rights -ordained by God – “divine rights” monarchy (absolutism) = political organization -religion affirmed traditional roles

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 10 Core Principles of Enlightenment “the science of human beings” 1.Reason – “self-evident” 2.Natural Law – universal 3.Progress – “a paradise on earth”

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 11 The Theory of Progress Assumption that Enlightenment thought would ultimately lead to human harmony, material wealth. Decline in authority of traditional organized religion. “Humans, through reason, could discover the natural laws of human society, which, when applied, would lead to a “paradise on earth.”

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 12 Philosophes – public intellectuals (Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau) “The philosophers have only interpreted the world, the point is to change it” Propagandists Social activists 1751 Encyclopédie – accumulation of the new scientific worldview, the “clockwork universe”

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 13 Deism, the Natural Religion -God the creator, the “clockmaker” -God has revealed himself through nature - religious freedom - “My mind is my own church” -separation of church and state -Voltaire “ecrasez l’infame” – opposed to organized religion -natural morality – humans good by nature Was Tom Paine an atheist?

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 14 Economics Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, basic principles of capitalism private property individual self-interest the market, free enterprise supply and demand “the invisible hand” laissez-faire – no government interference free trade wealth measured by total productivity of the society

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 15 Law and Justice Beccaria, Italian 1761 treatise more humane treatment of criminals abolish capital punishment no torture punishment should fit the crime rehabilitation rather than punishment prevention of crime rather than punishment

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 16 Education Rousseau – education should be natural, “back to nature,” the modern concept of childhood Locke – “tabula rasa” - empiricism (relying on sense experiences to determine reality) liberal arts training for citizenship public, secular education humans are rational

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 17 Politics -popular sovereignty-power for government comes from the people -representative government – democracy -constitutionalism -individual rights (civil rights) -equality -separation of powers/checks and balances

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 Constitutional States England and Netherlands develop institutions of popular representation  England: constitutional monarchy  Netherlands: republic English Civil War,  Begins with opposition to royal taxes  Religious elements: Anglican church favors complex ritual, complex church hierarchy, opposed by Calvinist Puritans  King Charles I and parliamentary armies clash  King loses, is beheaded in 1649

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 19 The Glorious Revolution in England ( ) Puritans take over, becomes a dictatorship Monarchy restored in 1660, fighting resumes Resolution with bloodless coup called Glorious Revolution King James II deposed, daughter Mary and husband William of Orange take throne  Shared governance between crown and parliament- Parliament supreme, Constitutional Monarchy

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 20 Ancien Regime “Evils” Mercantilism Absolutism Aristocracy The Church Slavery

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 21 Louis XIV (The “Sun King,” ) L’état, c’est moi: “I am the state.” Magnificent palace at Versailles, 1670s, becomes his court  Largest building in Europe  1,400 fountains  25,000 fully grown trees transplanted Power centered in court, important nobles pressured to maintain presence

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 22 Louis XIV “Dude look like a lady”

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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 25 Versailles

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