Introduction to Networking

2 Goals for Today Review –Layered Architecture –ISO and Internet Protocols Addressing Routing Circuit vs Packet Switching

3 Communication Structure Naming and name resolution - How do two processes locate each other to communicate? Routing strategies - How are messages sent through the network? Connection strategies - How do two processes send a sequence of messages? Contention - The network is a shared resource, so how do we resolve conflicting demands for its use? The design of a communication network must address four basic issues:

4 Layered Architectures How computers manage complex protocol processing? –Break-up design problem into smaller problems More manageable Decompose complicated jobs into layers –each has a well defined task –Specify well defined protocols to enact. Modular design: –easy to extend/modify. Difficult to implement –careful with interaction of layers for efficiency

5 The OSI Model Open Systems Interconnect model –To understand conceptual layers of network comm. –This is a model, nobody builds systems like this. Each level provides certain functions and guarantees –communicates with the same level on remote notes. A message is generated at the highest level –is passed down the levels, –encapsulated by lower levels, –until it is sent over the wire. On the destination, it makes its way up the layers –until the high-level message reaches its high-level destination.

6 OSI Levels Physical Layer –electrical details of bits on the wire Data Link Layer –sending “frames” of bits and error detection Network Layer –routing packets to the destination Transport Layer –reliable transmission of messages, disassembly/assembly, ordering, retransmission of lost packets Session Layer –really part of transport, typically Not implemented Presentation Layer –data representation in the message Application –high-level protocols (mail, ftp, etc.)

7 OSI Levels Presentation Transport Network Data Link Physical Application Presentation Transport Network Data Link Physical Application Node A Node B Network Session

8 The ISO Network Message

9 The Internet Protocol Layers

10 Internet protocol stack HTTP, SMTP, FTP, TELNET, DNS, … TCP, UDP. IP Point-to-point links, LANs, radios,... Application Transport Network Physical users network

11 Protocol stack client TCP server IP server ethernet driver/card user X SMTP TCP IP server TCP server IP server ethernet driver/card user Y IEEE standard electric signals English

12 Protocol interfaces client TCP server IP server ethernet driver/card user X server TCP server IP server ethernet driver/card user Y s = open_socket(); socket_write(s, buffer); …

13 Socket A communication end-point unique to a machine An Internet socket is composed of the following: –Protocol (TCP, UDP, etc) –Local IP address Address of local machine –Local port Identifier for local process on local machine –Remote IP address Address of remote machine –Remote port Identifier for remote process on remote machine

14 Addressing Each network interface has a hardware MAC address –Multiple interfaces  multiple addresses Each application communicates via a port –Port is a logical connection endpoint –Allows multiple local applications to use network resources –Up to 65,535 < 1024 : used by privileged applications 1024 ≤ available for use ≤ ≤ Dynamic ports/private ports ≤ –http ports 80 and 8080 –ssh 20, telnet 23, ftp 21, etc Think of a telephone network …

15 Addressing and Packet Format The ``Data'' segment contains higher level protocol information. – Which protocol is this packet destined for? – Which process is the packet destined for? – Which packet is this in a sequence of packets? – What kind of packet is this? This is the stuff of the OSI reference model. Start (7 bytes) Destination (6) Source (6) Length (2) Msg Data (1500) Checksum (4)

16 Ethernet packet dispatching An incoming packet comes into the Ethernet controller. The Ethernet controller reads it off the network into a buffer. It interrupts the CPU. A network interrupt handler reads the packet out of the controller into memory. A dispatch routine looks at the Data part and hands it to a higher level protocol The higher level protocol copies it out into user space. A program manipulates the data. The output path is similar. Consider what happens when you send mail.

17 Example: Mail Hi Dad. To: Dad SrcAddr: DestAddr: SrcPort: 110, DestPort: 110Bytes: 1-20 Hi Dad. To: Dad SrcEther: 0xdeadbeef DestEther: 0xfeedface SrcAddr: DestAddr: SrcPort: 100 DestPort: 200Bytes: 1-20 Hi Dad. To: Dad Mail Composition And Display Mail Transport Layer Network Transport Layer Link Layer Network User Kernel Hi Dad. To: Dad SrcAddr: DestAddr: SrcPort: 110, DestPort: 110Bytes: 1-20 Hi Dad. To: Dad SrcEther: 0xdeadbeef DestEther: 0xfeedface SrcAddr: DestAddr: SrcPort: 100 DestPort: 200Bytes: 1-20 Hi Dad. To: Dad

18 Protocol encapsulation client TCP server IP server ethernet driver/card user X server TCP server IP server ethernet driver/card user Y “Hello”

19 End-to-End Argument What function to implement in each layer? Saltzer, Reed, Clarke 1984 –A function can be correctly and completely implemented only with the knowledge and help of applications standing at the communication endpoints –Argues for moving function upward in a layered architecture Should the network guarantee packet delivery ? –Think about a file transfer program –Read file from disk, send it, the receiver reads packets and writes them to the disk

20 End-to-End Argument If the network guaranteed packet delivery –one might think that the applications would be simpler No need to worry about retransmits –But need to check that file was written to the remote disk intact A check is necessary if nodes can fail –Consequently, applications need to perform their retransmits No need to burden the internals of the network with properties that can, and must, be implemented at the periphery

21 End-to-End Argument An Occam’s razor for Internet design –If there is a problem, the simplest explanation is probably the correct one Application-specific properties are best provided by the applications, not the network –Guaranteed, or ordered, packet delivery, duplicate suppression, security, etc. The internet performs the simplest packet routing and delivery service it can –Packets are sent on a best-effort basis –Higher-level applications do the rest

22 Two ways to handle networking Circuit Switching –What you get when you make a phone call –Dedicated circuit per call Packet Switching –What you get when you send a bunch of letters –Network bandwidth consumed only when sending –Packets are routed independently Message Switching –It’s just packet switching, but routers perform store-and-forward

23 Circuit Switching End-to-end resources reserved for “call” –Link bandwidth, switch capacity –Dedicated resources: no sharing –Circuit-like (guaranteed) performance –Call setup required

24 Packet Switching Each end-to-end data stream divided into packets –User’s packets share network resources Compared to dedicated allocation –Each packet uses full link bandwidth Compared to dividing bandwidth into pieces –Resources are used as needed Compared to resource reservation Resource contention: –Aggregate demand can exceed amount available –Congestion: packets queue, wait for link use –Store and forward: packets move one hop at a time Transmit over link Wait turn at next link

25 Routing Goal: move data among routers from source to dest. Datagram packet network: –Destination address determines next hop –Routes may change during session –Analogy: driving, asking directions –No notion of call state Circuit-switched network: –Call allocated time slots of bandwidth at each link –Fixed path (for call) determined at call setup –Switches maintain lots of per call state: resource allocation

26 Packet vs. Circuit Switching Reliability: no congestion, in-order data in circuit-switch Packet switching: better bandwidth use State, resources: packet switching has less state –Good: less control plane processing resources along the way –More data plane (address lookup) processing Failure modes (routers/links down) –Packet switch reconfigures sub-second timescale –Circuit switching: more complicated Involves all switches in the path

27 A small Internet A V R B W r1,e1 r2,e2 r3 a,e3 w,e5 b,e4 Scenario: A wants to send data to B.

28 Packet forwarding HTTP TCP IP ethernet Host A IP eth Router R link HTTP TCP IP ethernet Router W Host B IP ethlink

29 Summary Layering –building complex services from simpler ones End-to-end argument –Application-specific properties are best provided by the applications, not the network Packet vs Circuit Switching –Post card (packet) vs phone call (circuit) –Bandwidth and congestion Packet - better bandwidth usage, but potentially congested links Circuit - no congenstion, but potentially lower link utilization –Failures and reconfiguration Packet - Failed routed detected and routed around Circuit - reconfigure entire path if any router fails