1. Protocol Layering Chapter 10

2. Looked at: Architectural foundations of internetworking Architectural foundations of internetworking Forwarding of datagrams Forwarding of datagrams Mapping IP addresses to physical addresses Mapping IP addresses to physical addresses This chapter: Considers host and router software structure Considers host and router software structure Presents principle of layering Presents principle of layering Shows layering makes IP software easier to understand and build Shows layering makes IP software easier to understand and build Traces path of datagrams thru protocol software Traces path of datagrams thru protocol software

3. Need for Multiple Protocols Protocols  Computer communication Programming languages  Computation Lower level interact with physical Lower level interact with physical Higher level specify higher-level abstraction Higher level specify higher-level abstraction Need protocol family or protocol suite to perform complex data communication tasks

4. Possible problems: Hardware failure Hardware failure Network congestion Network congestion Packet delay or loss Packet delay or loss Data corruption Data corruption Data duplication or inverted arrival Data duplication or inverted arrival Together, problems are overwhelming Partitioning into subproblems allows us to conquer the complexity Partitioning into subproblems allows us to conquer the complexity

5. Conceptual Layers Modules of protocol SW stacked as layers Each layer handles a part of the problem Each layer handles a part of the problem Sending message between applications Sending message between applications Transfer down layers on sending machine Forward across network Transfer up layers on receiving machine More complex than simple layering model suggests More complex than simple layering model suggests

6. Figure 10.1

7. Figure 10.2

8. Figure 10.3

9. Functionality of the Layers What functionality goes in each layer? Two main models dominate the field ISO 7-layer reference model ISO 7-layer reference model By International Organization for Standardization TCP/IP 5-layer reference model TCP/IP 5-layer reference model Did not come from standards committee Resulted from research that led to TCP/IP protocol suite

10. TCP/IP and OSI

11. X.25 and ISO Model ISO has been basis for several protocol implementations One is X.25 protocol suite Has been adopted by public data networks Has been adopted by public data networks Especially popular in Europe Especially popular in Europe X.25 view: X.25 view: Network much like telephone system Net has complex packet switches with smarts to route

12. Physical layer Specifies standard for physical interconnection Specifies standard for physical interconnection Procedures for transferring packets Electrical characteristics of voltage and current Data link layer How data travels between host and packet switch How data travels between host and packet switch Uses frame as unit of data that is passed Also specifies checksum and acknowledgements One protocol: High Level Data Link Comm. (HDLC) Network layer Defines basic unit of transfer across network Defines basic unit of transfer across network Packets here may be larger than frames Responds to congestion problems

13. Transport layer Provides end-to-end reliability Provides end-to-end reliability Double checks lower level checks Session layer Handles remote terminal access Handles remote terminal access Special computer: PAD with dial-up access Presentation layer Includes functions application programs need Includes functions application programs need Text compression; graphics conversion Application layer Applications that use the network Applications that use the network Email; file transfer

14. TCP/IP 5-Layer Model TCP/IP software organized into five conceptual layers Four software layers Four software layers Built on fifth layer of hardware Built on fifth layer of hardware

15. Layers and objects passed Application Transport Internet Network Interface Hardware Messages or Streams Transport Protocol Packets IP Datagrams Network-specific Frames

16. Application layer Users invoke application programs that access services available across a TCP/IP internet Users invoke application programs that access services available across a TCP/IP internet Applications choose style of transport needed Applications choose style of transport needed Sequence of individual messages Continuous stream of bytes Transport layer Provide end-to-end communication Provide end-to-end communication Communication from one application to another Provides the reliability Divides data into packets to be passed down

17. Internet layer Handles communication from one machine to another Handles communication from one machine to another Encapsulates packet in IP datagram Uses routing algorithm to route datagram Handles incoming datagrams Checks validity; routing functions Checks validity; routing functions For local machine, deletes header and passes up using appropriate transport protocol For local machine, deletes header and passes up using appropriate transport protocol Sends and receives ICMP error & control messages Network interface layer Accepts IP datagrams and transmits over a specific network Accepts IP datagrams and transmits over a specific network Can be a device driver or a complex subsystem that uses own data link protocol

18. Locus of Intelligence ISO Network is complex, independent system Network is complex, independent system Relatively simple hosts attach Relatively simple hosts attachTCP/IP Hosts participate in most all network protocols Hosts participate in most all network protocols Implements end-to-end error detection and recovery Choose routers Handle ICMP control messages Simple packet delivery with intelligent hosts attached Simple packet delivery with intelligent hosts attached

19. Protocol Layering Principle Layering Principle Layered protocols are designed so that layer n at the destination receives exactly the same object sent my layer n at the source Layered protocols are designed so that layer n at the destination receives exactly the same object sent my layer n at the source Design one layer at a time Figure other layers will perform their functions Figure other layers will perform their functions

20. Figure 10.6

21. TCP/IP layering Two types of transfers Two types of transfers From source to ultimate destination Across multiple networks Higher layers Higher layers Layering principle applies across end-to-end transfers Lowest layer Lowest layer Applies to single machine transfers Internet layer (?) Internet layer (?) Since some things change (TTL counter), layering principle only applies to single machine transfers

22. Figure 10.7

23. Layering in The Presence of Network Substructure (10.8) Skip….

24. Boundaries in the TCP/IP Model Two boundaries that may not be obvious Protocol address boundary Protocol address boundary Separates high-level and low-level addressing Operating systems boundary Operating systems boundary Separates the system from application programs

25. Conceptual Layer Boundary Application Software outside the operating system Software outside the operating system Transport Software inside the operating system Software inside the operating system Internet Only IP addresses used Only IP addresses used Network Interface Physical addresses used Physical addresses used Hardware

26. Protocol Address Boundary Application programs and all protocol software Application programs and all protocol software From Internet layer upward use only IP addresses Network interface layer handles physical addresses Network interface layer handles physical addresses Operating System Boundary Software at the application layer is not part of the operating system Software at the application layer is not part of the operating system Software at other layers generally is Software at other layers generally is

27. Disadvantage of Layering Strict layering can produce inefficient SW Transport layer divides stream into packets Transport layer divides stream into packets Can optimize transfer if knows largest packet size that will fit in one frame If strict layering is used, transport layer will not know the datagram or frame formats, or number of header octets Most implementation relax strict layering Most implementation relax strict layering Allow info like route selection, MTU, etc. to propagate upward

28. Multiplexing & Demultiplexing Occurs throughout the layered hierarchy Multiplexing: Multiplexing: When sending message, extra bits included that encode message type, originating program, protocols used Demultiplexing: Demultiplexing: At destination, extra information is used to guide processing

29. IP ModuleARP Module RARP Module Demultiplexing Based on Frame Type Frame Arrives

30. ICMP ProtocolUDP ProtocolTCP Protocol IP Module Datagram Arrives

31. Summary Protocols specify: Data is represented when transferred Data is represented when transferred How the transfer occurs How the transfer occurs How error are detected How error are detected How acknowledgements are passed How acknowledgements are passed Each protocol solves one of the communications subproblems

32. Layering provides a conceptual frame- work for protocol design Each layer handles a part of the problem Each layer handles a part of the problem Layering Principle: Layering Principle: Software implementing a layer at destination machine receives exactly what the software implementing that layer on the source machine sends X.25 protocols X.25 protocols Follow ISO reference model Example of reliable communications service TCP/IP protocols use different layering scheme TCP/IP protocols use different layering scheme Multiplexing/demultiplexing are used to distinguish among multiple protocols at a layer Multiplexing/demultiplexing are used to distinguish among multiple protocols at a layer