1. TCOM 509 – Internet Protocols (TCP/IP) Lecture 03_b Protocol Layering Instructor: Dr. Li-Chuan Chen Date: 09/15/2003 Based in part upon slides of Prof. K. Fall (UC-Bekeley)

2. Protocol Layering Networks are complex! many “pieces”: –hosts –routers –links of various media –applications –protocols –hardware, software Data communications problems: –Hardware failure –Network congestion –Packet delay or loss –Data corruption –Data duplication

3. Protocol Layering Why? Difficult for a single protocol to handle all these problems when dealing with complex systems. How? Breaks down complex systems into more manageable components. Modularization –Each layer is responsible for one part of the problem –The service provided by one layer is based solely on the service provided by layer below Disadvantages Introduces overhead

4. ISO OSI Reference Model for Layers Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link (Hardware Interface) Physical (Hardware Connection)

5. OSI Model Concepts Service: what a layer does Service interface: how to access the service –interface for layer above Protocol (peer interface): how peers communicate –a set of rules and formats that govern the communication between two network boxes –protocol does not govern the implementation on a single machine, but how the layer is implemented between machines

6. Physical Layer (1) Service: move information (bits) between two systems connected by a physical link Interface: specifies how to send a bit Protocol: coding scheme used to represent a bit, voltage levels, duration of a bit Examples: coaxial cable, optical fiber links; transmitters, receivers

7. Datalink Layer (2) Service: –framing (attach frame separators) –send data frames between peers on the same network medium –others: synchronization per-hop error control per-hop flow control Interface: send a data unit (frame) to a machine connected to the same physical media Protocol: layer addresses, implement medium access control (MAC) Example: Ethernet, Token Ring

8. Network Layer (3) Service: –deliver a packet to specified network destination (routing and relaying of packets) –perform segmentation/reassemble –others: packet scheduling buffer management Interface: send a packet to a specified destination Protocol: define global unique addresses; construct routing tables Examples: Internet Protocol (IP)

9. Transport Layer (4) Service: –end-to-end data delivery to applications (demultiplexing) –optional: error-free and flow-controlled delivery Interface: send message to specific destination Protocol: implements end-to-end reliability and flow control Examples: TCP and UDP

10. Application Layer (7) Service: any service provided to the end user Interface: depends on the application Protocol: depends on the application Examples: FTP, Telnet, WWW browser

11. Who Does What? Seven layers –Lower three layers are implemented everywhere –Next four layers are implemented only at hosts Application Presentation Session Transport Network Datalink Physical Application Presentation Session Transport Network Datalink Physical Network Datalink Physical Physical medium Host A Host B Router

12. Logical Communication Layers interacts with corresponding layer on peer Application Presentation Session Transport Network Datalink Physical Application Presentation Session Transport Network Datalink Physical Network Datalink Physical Physical medium Host A Host B Router

13. Physical Communication Communication goes down to physical network, then to peer, then up to relevant layer Application Presentation Session Transport Network Datalink Physical Application Presentation Session Transport Network Datalink Physical Network Datalink Physical Physical medium Host A Host B Router

14. Encapsulation A layer can use only the service provided by the layer immediate below it Each layer may change and add a header to data packet data

15. Example: Postal System Standard process (historical): Write letter Drop an addressed letter off in your local mailbox Postal service delivers to address Addressee reads letter (and perhaps responds)

16. Postal Service as Layered System Layers: Letter writing/reading Delivery Information Hiding: Network need not know letter contents Customer need not know how the postal network works Encapsulation: Envelope Customer Post Office Customer Post Office

17. Standards Bodies ISO: International Standards Organization –professional bureaucrats writing standards –produced OSI layering model IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force –started with early Internet hackers –more technical than bureaucratic

18. OSI vs. Internet OSI: conceptually define services, interfaces, protocols Internet: provide a successful implementation Application Presentation Session Transport Network Datalink Physical Internet Net interface/ Physical Transport Application IP LAN Packet radio TCPUDP TelnetFTPDNS OSI (formal) Internet (informal)

19. Multiple Instantiations Can have several instantiations for each layer –many applications –many network technologies –transport can be reliable (TCP) or not (UDP)

20. Internetworking Protocols

21. Without Layering FTP – File Transfer Protocol SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol HTTP – World Wide Web protocol Application Transmission Media Telnet Coaxial cable Optical fiber FTPSMTP Packet Radio HTTP Not scalable – Each new application has to be re-implemented for every transmission media

22. With IP Layer Transmission Media Application Coaxial cable Optical fiber TelnetFTPSMTPHTTP Advantages –Efficient: mapping packets directly onto network media –Flexible: adding or modifying network software without the need for changing the application software –Hides low-level details from the user. Internet Layer (IP) IP Packet Radio

23. With IP Layering A single Internet layer module: (Interoperability) Allows all networks to interoperate –all networks technologies that support IP can exchange packets Allows all applications to function on all networks –all applications that can run on IP can use any network Simultaneous developments above and below IP