Pharmacology Application in Athletic Training Michelle Odai, MS, LAT, ATC, CSCS Florida International University

Chapter 1 – Historical and Legal Issues

History of Drugs and Pharmacy  The origins of drugs and medicine can be traced back to ancient civilizations  2100 BC – physicians and priests recorded references to drug therapy on clay tablets  Timeline history of the development of pharmacy – pg 5

Legal Foundations  Early 20 th century – no laws existed to control the sale of medications, the purity of drug preparations, or the efficacy of medical devices  1906 – Pure Food and Drug Act  1938 – Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act  1952 – Durham-Humphrey Amendment  1962 – Kefauver-Harris Amendment

 1970 – Poison Prevention Packaging Act  1984 – Anti-Tampering Act  1970 – Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act  Scheduled Drugs

United States Food and Drug Administration  Created in 1938 to protect public’s health by ensuring safety, efficacy, and monitoring of products  Regulates drug manufacturing and labeling processes; monitor adverse reactions  Approval process 12 years  Fast-track approval

Over-the-Counter Products  FDA must approve ingredients and label information  Name of product  Name and address of manufacturer  List of active and inactive ingredients  Quantity of contents  Name of any habit-forming components  Warnings and precautions for the user  Adequate directions for use

Naming of a Drug  Typically identified by  Chemical name  Generic name, or  Brand name

Generic and Brand Name Drug Ingredients  Must have same active ingredients and must be identical in strength and dosage form  Brand-name drugs patented for 17 years  FDA recommends and all states allow pharmacists to dispense generic equivalent of brand-name drug

Medical Abbreviations  Used to denote frequency, amount, and weight  Table 1-3, pg 10

Drug Information Pharmacists  Trained in defining, monitoring, and modifying drug treatment  Understand use, doses, drug and food interactions, contraindications, and other aspects of drug agents  PharmD – 6 yrs, national certification exam  State licensure  Various settings

Drug Information Poison Control Centers  50 states, 24/7, free  Assess and treat poisonings and poison prevention  All calls concerning humans and animals  Insect, snake bites, ingestion of substances, identification of drug tablets and capsules, hazardous material spills  Employ nurses, pharmacists, physicians

 PCS should be called if someone has ingested, touched, or been bitten by something you think is poisonous or toxic  Caller should provide as much information as possible  National hotline, directory assistance

Drug Information Reference Books  Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR)  Produced by pharmaceutical industry and provides detailed descriptions of drugs  Photos of 1000 drug products to assist in identification  Updated annually, easily accessible

Pharmacy in Athletic Training  State and federal laws that govern controlled substances  AT should be aware of laws that pertain to them  All controlled substances found in ATR must have complete and accurate written inventory  Team physician is ultimately responsible for dispensing controlled substances

To avoid legal liability the ATC must document information about each drug administered  Name of athlete/patient  Sport  Age  Name of drug  Dose given  Quantity prescribed  Indication  Manufacturer  Lot number  Drug expiration date  Name of person dispensing drug  Date drug is given

 Single-dose packages  Assisting athlete with drug administration process  All meds should be kept in locked offices and/or storage cabinets  Failure to follow guidelines can predispose athletic trainers to undue legal liability

Important Information  Implications for Athletic Trainers (pg 13)  What to Tell the Athlete (pg 13)