The Art of War u The highest realization of warfare is to attack the enemy’s plans; next is to attack their alliances; next to attack their army; and the lowest is to attack their fortified cities. Thus, one who excels at employing the military subjugates other peoples armies without engaging in battle, captures fortified cities without attacking them, and destroys other people’s states without prolonged fighting.’

The Art of War Preserving the enemy’s state capital is best, destroying their state capital second-best. Preserving their army best, destroying their army second-best. Preserving their battalions is best, destroying their battalions second-best. Preserving their companies is best, destroying their companies is second-best…For this reason attaining 100 victories in 100 battles is not the pinnacle of excellence. Subjugating the enemy’s army without fighting is the true pinnacle of excellence.Preserving the enemy’s state capital is best, destroying their state capital second-best. Preserving their army best, destroying their army second-best. Preserving their battalions is best, destroying their battalions second-best. Preserving their companies is best, destroying their companies is second-best…For this reason attaining 100 victories in 100 battles is not the pinnacle of excellence. Subjugating the enemy’s army without fighting is the true pinnacle of excellence.

The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT ) is a treaty to limit the spread of nuclear weapons, started in July 1, There are currently 189 countries party to the treaty, five of which have nuclear weapons: the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Russia, and the People's Republic of China (the permanent members of the UN Security Council). Only four recognized sovereign states are not parties to the treaty: India, Israel, Pakistan and North Korea. India, Israel, Pakistan and North Korea have openly tested and possess nuclear weapons. The NPT consists of a preamble and eleven articles. Although the concept of "pillars" appears nowhere in the NPT, the treaty is nevertheless sometimes interpreted as having three pillars: non-proliferation, disarmament, and the right to peacefully use nuclear technology.

u Middle East has become a centre of attention of international and regional political affairs. Ever since the inception of Israel, the region has been in continuous turmoil and witnessed six official wars and continuous violence in this region. The bombing of Lebanon, the destruction of Gaza, the ongoing war in Iraq, the question of Palestinian statehood, regional aggression and military provocation.

To date, peace in the Middle East seems a distant dream for the majority of its peoples. The situation is the Middle East is further complicated by Iranian nuclear ambitions and continuous armed conflicts in Iraq and intermittent military interventions in Syria and Lebanon. Israel, the only non-Arab and non- Muslim country in the region, is currently counted among unofficial nuclear powers, non- signatories of NPT.

Peace and Security through DISARMAMENT

Charter of the United Nations Article 11 The General Assembly may consider the general principles of cooperation in the maintenance of international peace and security, including the principles governing disarmament and the regulation of armaments… We the Peoples of the United Nations … United for a Better World Article 26 In order to promote the establishment and maintenance of international peace and security with the least diversion for armaments of the world's human and economic resources, the Security Council shall be responsible for formulating … plans to be submitted to the Members of the United Nations for the establishment of a system for the regulation of armaments. United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002

Charter of the United Nations We the Peoples of the United Nations … United for a Better World United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002 Article 51 Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security. Measures taken by Members in the exercise of this right of self-defence shall be immediately reported to the Security Council and shall not in any way affect the authority and responsibility of the Security Council under the present Charter to take at any time such action as it deems necessary in order to maintain or restore international peace and security.

United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, th SPECIAL SESSION DEVOTED TO DISARMAMENT The General Assembly. Alarmed by the threat to the very survival of mankind posed by the existence of nuclear weapons and the continuing arms race, and recalling the devastation inflicted by all wars, Convinced that disarmament and arms limitation, particularly in the nuclear field, are essential for the prevention of the danger of nuclear war and the strengthening of international peace and security …….., Having resolved to lay the foundations of an international disarmament strategy which aims at general and complete disarmament under effective international control.

United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002 World military expenditure peaked at $1.3 trillion in After a period of decline, it slowly rising today and now stands at more than $ 839 billion, accounting for 2.6% of world GDP and corresponding to an average of $137 per capita. Industrialized countries account for about 80 per cent of global military expenditures. The United States accounts for almost half of the world’s total arms production; France and UK for 10 percent each and Germany, Russia and Japan – for roughly 4 per cent each. In 1945, only one nation possessed a nuclear bomb. Today, there are five recognized nuclear-weapon States in terms of the Treaty for the Non-Proliferation of nuclear weapons, and three nuclear-weapon capable States. More than 30,000 nuclear warheads are still present in the world, many on high alert, ready to be launched on warning. FACTS:

Today, 80 per cent of the world’s spending on armaments is on conventional weapons and weapons systems. The annual global trade in conventional arms is estimated to be around $30 billion. Nearly 70 per cent of this expenditure was incurred by importing countries from the developing world. One-third of the nations of the earth are affected by mines and unexploded ordinance (UXO). The countries most affected are those least able to reverse the devastating impact of mines. About 550 million small arms are in circulation world-wide. United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002 MORE FACTS:

DISARMAMENT ISSUES United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002 Weapons of Mass Destruction Conventional Weapons Outer Space Disarmament and Development Regional Disarmament Emerging Issues United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002

WMD Terrorism Emerging Issues Nuclear Weapons Nuclear Weapons Biological Weapons Chemical Weapons Regional Disarmament and Development Outer Space Conventional Weapons United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002

Bilateral agreements: United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002 The 1972 SALT I Agreement The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM Treaty) The 1979 SALT II Treaty The 1987 Intermediate ‑ and Shorter - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF Treaty) The 1991 Strategic Arms Limitation and Reduction Treaty (START I) NUCLEAR WEAPONS

Bilateral agreements: United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002 The 1992 Lisbon Protocol to START I The 1993 Strategic Arms Limitation and Reduction Treaty II (START II) 2000-with the ratification of START II by the Russian Federation, the US Senate needs to approve a 1997 protocol to the Treaty in order for the Treaty to enter into force. This will then open the way for formal START III negotiations to begin Treaty on Strategic Offensive Reductions Unilateral reductions NUCLEAR WEAPONS

Multilateral agreements United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002 The 1963 Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and under Water (Partial Test-Ban Treaty) The 1968 Treaty on the Non -Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) - Nuclear Safeguards of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) - The 1997 Model Additional Protocol The 1996 Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) -The Preparatory Commission for the CTBT Organization (CTBTO PrepCom, based in Vienna) Future agreements: - Fissile Material Treaty NUCLEAR WEAPONS

United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002 KEEPING THE WORLD - AND OUTER SPACE - FREE OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS

CHEMICAL WEAPONS Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) - Entered into force 1997 The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), The Hague, Netherlands United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002 BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) - Entered into force Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva Protocol) - Signed at Geneva on 17 June Prohibits the use of biological or chemical weapons in war.

United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002 WMD TERRORISM The threat is real and global: The threat is real and global: small nuclear device or radiological materials, chemical or bioterrorism. Objective: Objective: To ensure that terrorists do not acquire and use Weapons of Mass Destruction: National defense and counter- terrorism; prevention through disarmament. Prevention: Prevention: Strengthened international disarmament agreements and implementing agencies: NPT and IAEA, physical protection of nuclear material, tracking of illicit material traffic, vigorous chemical weapons inspection regime by OPCW; and monitoring of compliance and verification of the BWC.

Emerging Issues Small Arms & Light Weapons Small Arms & Light Weapons Major Conventional Weapons Major Conventional Weapons Anti-personnel Landmines Anti-personnel Landmines Regional Disarmament Disarmament & Development Outer Space Weapons of Mass Destruction United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002

In terms of the carnage they cause, small arms, indeed could well be described as “weapons of mass destruction”. Secretary-General’s Millennium Report, 2000 United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002 SMALL ARMS & LIGHT WEAPONS United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects. Coordinating Action on Small Arms (CASA) Practical Disarmament Measures - Trust Fund for the Consolidation of Peace through Practical Disarmament Measures

United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002 Amended Protocol II to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons - entered into force in 1998 Mine-Ban Convention - entered into force in 1999 ANTI-PERSONNEL LANDMINES

United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002 United Nations Register of Conventional Arms - established in 1992 United Nations system for the standardized reporting of military expenditures - introduced in 1980 TRANSPARENCY MEASURES FOR CONVENTIONAL ARMS

United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) - entered into force in 1980 Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE Treaty) - entered into force in 1990 MULTILATERAL DISARMAMENT Conventional Arms

Emerging Issues Regional Disarmament Disarmament & Development Conventional Weapons Multilateral treaties: Weapons of Mass Destruction United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies 1967 Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (Outer Space Treaty) 1963 Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and under Water (Partial Test - Ban Treaty)

Emerging Issues Regional Disarmament Outer Space Conventional Weapons High-level Steering Group on Disarmament and Development set up in May 1999 Weapons of Mass Destruction United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002 The International Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development, convened in The Programme of Action

Emerging Issues Disarmament & Development Outer Space Conventional Weapons Cooperation with regional inter-governmental organizations Weapons of Mass Destruction United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002 United Nations regional centres for peace and disarmament Regional agreements in the areas of nuclear and conventional disarmament and non-proliferation

Regional Disarmament Disarmament & Development Outer Space Conventional Weapons Missile proliferation and missile defences Weapons of Mass Destruction United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002 Information security Revolution in military affairs

Special sessions on disarmament: 1978, 1982 and 1988 General Assembly (deliberative) DISARMAMENT MACHINERY First Committee Disarmament Commission Conference on Disarmament (negotiating forum) Security Council UN Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) S-G’s Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters Department for Disarmament Affairs (DDA) Non-UN bodies: Preparatory Commission for CTBTO (Vienna) IAEA (Vienna) OPCW (The Hague) United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002

Conventional Arms Branch CD Secretariat and Conference Support Branch (Geneva) Weapons of Mass Destruction Branch Monitoring, Database and Information Branch Regional Disarmament Branch Under-Secretary-General for Disarmament Affairs Director and Deputy to USG Department for Disarmament Affairs (DDA) Centres for: Asia, Africa, and Latin America & Caribbean United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002

United Nations Disarmament Information Programme (Voluntary Trust Fund) United Nations Disarmament Fellowship Programme Disarmament Week - 24 October Messenger of Peace (US actor and producer Michael Douglas) Liaison with civil society, NGOs and academic institutions Cooperation with DPI DISARMAMENT INFORMATION AND OUTREACH ACTIVITIES

United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002 DDA Internet website (disarmament.un.org) DDA Publications: -United Nations Disarmament Yearbook -Quarterly DDA Update -Occasional papers -Publications of the Regional Centres (e.g. Bulletin Africain pour la Paix) DDA Library DDA Audio-visual materials (documentary on small arms; PowerPoint presentation) Tour-guide exhibit at Headquarters Briefing for visiting groups (call ) UNIDIR publications and activities DISARMAMENT INFORMATION RESOURCES

United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002 CONTACT INFORMATION: Mailing address: Department for Disarmament Affairs United Nations NYC, NY USA Telephone: ; 7714; 8199 Fax: Internet: disarmament.un.org