The Effect of Various Carbohydrate Sources Utilized in a Double Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell Julie Paone Period 0-1 http://www.engr.psu.edu/ce/enve/logan/bioenergy/mfc_make_cell.htm

Need Alternate energy Efficiency and economically priced America currently uses 4-5% of all the energy generated by power plants to clean wastewater. The wastewater that’s being treated has 9.3 times more energy in it than the energy that’s being used to treat it. Alternate energy Efficiency and economically priced Wastewater has 9.3 more energy in it than what’s being used to treat it. Microbial Fuel Cell http://www.engr.psu.edu/ce/enve/logan/web_presentations/MFC-MECs-Bruce-Logan-1-2-08.pdf

Knowledge Base Any organic material can create electricity Two step process Removal of electrons from organic matter (oxidation) Giving the electrons to something that will accept them (reduction)(oxygen) The electrons flow to cathode and join with protons Voltage and current Logan, 2009 A microbial fuel cell consists of an anode, cathode, and microorganism. The MFC is a design that is heading towards wastewater treatment plants since they have tons of energy potential and clean water is a demand. The microorganisms go through a process called electrogenesis to produce this power. Microorganisms like bacteria have been proven to produce voltage. The microorganisms go through a two-step process to create electricity. They remove the electrons from the organic matter (oxidation). Then the second step sends the electrons over to the anode. The electrons go through a circuit and to the cathode where they join with protons. This process creates power while cleaning the wastewater. http://www.engr.psu.edu/ce/enve/logan/publications/2009-Logan-NatRevMicrobiol.pdf

Electrogenesis Process of converting food into energy Respiratory enzymes  ATP Terminal electron acceptor (TEA) Exogenously Electrogenesis is the process. The electrons produced at the anode travel through a series of respiratory enzymes in the cell and they make energy for the cell in the form of ATP. These electrons are released into a terminal electron acceptor (TEA) which takes the electrons and they are reduced. Some bacteria in a MFC are known to transfer electrons exogenously to a TEA, such as a carbon rod. These are the bacteria that are called exoelectrogens that can be used to produce power in a MFC. b | A mediator-driven microbial fuel cell. An electron-shuttling mediator accepts electrons from reduced cell constituents and abiotically transfers the electrons to the anode. The reoxidized mediator can then undergo repeated cycles of reduction and oxidation. In most instances, the cells that have been used in such fuel cells only incompletely oxidize their organic fuels as shown. http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v4/n7/fig_tab/nrmicro1442_F2.html

Carbon Sources Food Source (substrate) Yeast extract, galactose, glucose, lactose, maltose, fructose, sucrose, and starch Food Source (substrate) glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, and starch http://www.diabetes-support.com/Articles/understanding-diabetic-diet.htm

Glucose Fructose C6H12O6 used as an energy source in most organisms, from bacteria to humans C6H12O6 used as an energy source in most organisms, from bacteria to humans Simple monosaccharide Isomer of glucose (C6H12O6) Different structure http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/ChemScience/Volume/2008/04/Edible_electricity.asp

Sucrose Lactose Table sugar Disaccharide Sugar in milk C12H22O11 Disaccharide (glucose and fructose) C12H22O11 Table sugar Disaccharide (galactose and glucose fragments) Sugar in milk C12H22O11 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Sucrose_3Dprojection.png http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactose

Starch large number of glucose units joined together Most important carbohydrate in the human diet C6H10O5 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starch

Construction Efficiency Cost Materials Salt Bridge (PVC Pipe) Anode (carbon rod) Salt Bridge (PVC Pipe) Cathode (carbon rod) Solution (E. coli, food source, methlyene blue) Plastic Bottle (Carolina) Solution (Potassium Ferricyanide) The construction of an MFC is very simple and also affordable, while still being efficient. The most expensive material is the carbon paper, which is purchased off of a website that Logan and other students have used. So its not very expensive. All of the other materials are provided in the Science Research room like copper wires, GLX Pasco Probe,and simple E. col. The anode and cathode is carbon paper. The containers are 2 plastic bottles from Carolina. A PVC pipe connects the 2 bottles together and holds the PEM, which is gortex.

Literature Review 1 (Choi, et al. 2007) Choi, et al. 2007 examined the effect of carbon sources as the substrate in the microbial fuel cell. His bacteria was Micrococcus luteus and he used 11 different carbon sources. He tested yeast extract, galactose, glucose, lactose, maltose, mannitol, mannose, sorbitol, fructose, sucrose, and starch. His construction was a double chamber MFC with a proton exchange membrane. (Choi, et al. 2007) Effect of carbon sources as the substrate Micrococcus luteus 11 carbon sources tested (yeast extract, galactose, glucose, lactose, maltose, mannitol, mannose, sorbitol, fructose, sucrose, and starch) Double chamber with PEM http://www.engr.psu.edu/ce/enve/logan/journal_publications.htm

Literature Review 2 (Logan, 2005) Electricity Generation from cystenine in a microbial fuel cell Cystenine (substrate) Double chamber MFC with PEM Tested to see if alone it could act as a food source Efficiency achieved is comparable to other substrates Logan in 2005 used cystenine as the substrate in a double chamber MFC. Cystenine was tested alone to see if it could act as a food source. The results showed that the efficiency achieved is comparable to other substrates. http://www.engr.psu.edu/ce/enve/logan/journal_publications.htm

Literature Review 3 This is an equation of carbohydrates and oxygen to carbon dioxide and water through microbial metabolism. Bennetto in 1990 stated that 1 molecule of glucose provides a maximum of 24 electrons. Here is a diagram showing the steps in an MFC. http://www.ncbe.reading.ac.uk/ncbe/materials/MICROBIOLOGY/PDF/bennetto.pdf In one equation, 1 molecule of glucose provides a maximum of 24 electrons. Bennetto, 1990

Literature Review 4 Rhodopseudomonas palustris DX-1 Cell voltage and current were used to calculate the power density (P=I/V) Increase in anode surface increases the performance Xing, 2008 One bacteria that has been used is Rhodopseudomonas palustri. Cell voltage and current were used to calculate the power density (P=I/V). (Explain equation) Xing in 2008 stated that an increase in anode surface increased the performance. http://www.engr.psu.edu/ce/enve/logan/publications/2008-Xing-etal-ES&T.pdf

Purpose To determine whether a monosaccharide, disaccharide, or polysaccharide food source significantly affects the amount of voltage produced by E. coli in a Microbial Fuel Cell. The null hypothesis states that the type of food source will not significantly affect the voltage produced by bacteria. The alternate hypothesis states that the type of food source has a significant affect on the amount of voltage produced. Hypothesis To determine whether a monosaccharide or disaccharide food source significantly affects the amount of voltage produced by e. coli in a Microbial Fuel Cell. The null hypothesis states that the type of food source will not significantly affect the voltage produced by bacteria. The alternate hypothesis states that the type of food source has a significant affect on the amount of voltage produced.

Methodology Here is the methodology, starting with 10 trials with the microorganism being E. coli. The control will be an MFC with e. coli and glucose as the sustrate. The variables will be an MFC with starch, an MFC with fructose, an MFC with sucrose, and an MFC with lactose. The procedure will start with the construction of the MFC and follow with the culturing of e. coli. A GLX Pasco Probe will record the data and store it on a laptop. Data studios will record the voltage and current and then both will be used in the equation to calculate power density.

Budget Most of the materials are either provided by the school, or can be easily purchased from Home Depot or Carolina. (Read off some of the materials)

Do ability Experiment was done last year Most materials are familiar Background in culturing Data collection was previously done Materials are accessible http://www.engr.psu.edu/ce/enve/logan/bioenergy/mfc_make_cell.htm This project is completely doable since a previous experiment using an MFC has been done before. The majority of the materials are familiar and I have a background in culturing the e. coli. Algae has been cultured in the lab before. The data collection was previously done and the Probe and Data studios has also been used before. All of the materials are accessible and the construction can easily be created from tips and ideas on Logan’s website.

Bibliography Choi, Youngjin, Eunkyoung Jung, Hyunjoo Park, Seunho Jung, Sunghyun Kim, Effect of Initial Carbon Sources on the Performance of a Microbial Fuel Cell Containing Environmental Microorganism Micrococcus luteus. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc, Vol. 28, No. 9, 2007 Pp. 1591-1594 Bennetto, H. P., Electricity generation by microorganisms, National Centre for Biotechnology Education. Vol. 1, No.4, 1990 Pp. 163-168 Liu, Hong, Grot, Stephen, Logan, Bruce E., Electrochemically Assisted Microbial Production of Hydrogen from Acetate, Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 39, 2005 Pp. 4317-4320 Logan, Bruce E. Exoelectrogenic bacteria that power microbial fuel cells. Nature Reviews, Microbiology, Vol. 7, May 2009 Pp. 375-381 Logan, Bruce E., Cassandro Murano, Keith Scott, Neil D. Gray, Ian M. Head, Electricity Generation from Cystenine in a Microbial Fuel Cell, Water Research, 2005 Pp. 942-952 Logan, B.E., Microbial Fuel Cells, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hobeken, New Jersey, 2008.   Macdonald, Averil and Berry, Martyn, Science through Hydrogen: Clean Energy for the Future, Heliocentris energiesysteme, 2004. Pp. 74, 80 Melis, Anastasios, Green Alga Hydrogen production: progress, challenges and prospects. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. Xing, Defeng, Zuo, Yi, Cheng, Shaoan, Regan, John M., Logan, Bruce E. Electricity Generation by Rhodopseudomonas palustris DX-1, Environmental Science and Technology Vol. 42, No. 11, 2008 Pp. 4146-4145 Here is the bibliography, thanks for listening. Do you have any questions?