Table 9-1. Chapter Outline: Poverty and Political Economy of Welfare (Kerbo, p. 254) A Brief History of Poverty in America Counting the Poor The Extent of Poverty in the United States Theories of Poverty Class Conflict and the Welfare State

Table 9-3. Trends in the Rate of Poverty with Three Definitions, (Kerbo, Sixth edition, p. 245) YearCensus Income*Adjusted Income**Pretransfer Income*** %16.8%21.3% %-18.8% %-22% %10.4%21.9% %13.0%24.2% %11.0%20.5% %11.7%22.6% %11.9%20.3% * Includes all private and government cash income ** Includes all private and government cash and in kind income *** Includes only private sector income

Figure 9-1. Percent of U.S. Population in Poverty, Source: Table 2. Poverty Status of People: 1959 to 2005, census.gov, poverty, historical accessed 10/27/06

Figure 9-2. U.S. Persons in Poverty (in Millions), Source: Table 2. Poverty Status of People: 1959 to 2005, census.gov, poverty, historical accessed 10/27/06

Table 9-4. People Living in Absolute and Relative Poverty and Children in Relative Poverty for Selected Countries in 1990s (Kerbo, p. 264) CountryRelative PovertyAbsolute PovertyChildren in Relative Poverty United States19.1%13.6%24.9% United Kingdom14.6%15.7%18.5% Australia12.9%17.6%15.4% Japan11.8%-15.3% Canada11.7%7.4%15.3% Germany (West)7.6%7.3%8.6% France7.5%-7.4% Netherlands6.7%7.1%8.3% Norway6.6%4.3%4.9% Italy6.5%-10.5% Finland6.2%4.8%2.7%

Table 9-5. Percent in Poverty by Race, Age, Family Status, Residence, and Region in 1997, 2000, and 2003 (Kerbo, p. 266) All 65 yrs +10.5%10.2%9.4% All Under 18 yrs19.9%16.2%17.4% All Whites11.0%7.5%8.2% All Blacks26.5%22.1%24.9% All Hispanic27.1%21.2%24.3% Female HH w/kids31.6%24.7%28.3% White F w/kids27.7%16.9%22.5% Black F w/kids39.8%34.6%39.2% Hispanic F w/kids47.6%34.2%36.9% Total U.S.13.3%11.3%12.3%

Table 9-6. Percent in Poverty by Residence and Region in 1997, 2000, and 2003 (Kerbo, p. 266) Residence Inside Metro Areas12.6%10.8%11.8% In Central City18.8%16.1% Not Central City9%7.8%9.1% Outside Metro Area15.9%13.4%15.2% Region Northeast12.6%10.3%11.5% Midwest10.4%9.5%11.2% South14.6%12.5%13.8% West14.6%11.9%11.6% Total U.S.13.3%11.3%12.3%

Table 9-7. Percent of Families in Poverty in 1993 and 2000 with None, One, and Two or More Full-time Workers (Kerbo, p. 267) Full-time Workers None55.0%46.1% One36%44.5% Two or More9.0%9.4% Total100%

Table 9-8. Poverty Rates before and after Welfare Payments and Percent Reduction in Poverty Rate for Selected Countries, from (Kerbo, p. 268) CountryBefore WelfareAfter WelfareReduction United States26.7%19.1%-28.5% Germany22.0%7.6%-65.5% France21.6%7.5%-65.3% Italy18.4%6.5%-64.7% England29.2%14.6%-50.0% Canada23.4%11.7%-50.0% Australia23.2%12.9%-50% Belgium28.4%5.5%-80.6% Denmark26.9%7.5%-72.1% Netherlands22.8%6.7%-70.6% Spain28.2%10.4%-63.1 Sweden34.1%6.7%-80.4%

Table 9-9. Attitudes by Country (Kerbo, p. 274) Ques.HngryAustrItalyWGerSwitzNethG.B.AussieU S $$77.8%53.6%66.9%50.1%41.6%47.9%59.4%38.1%17.6% Jobs90.0%76.9%82.0%74.3%48.4%73.8%57.9%39.7%44.0% Collge71.6%78.3%89.8%84.8%80.7%84.1%82.6%74.0%75.2% Redis$76.9%76.7%81.0%55.9%41.1%63.9%62.9%43.8%28.3% Equal Oppty 18.0%NA 55.0%NA 42.0%NA66% Cap$58%NA 32%NA 39%NA17% Hard Work NA 43%NA 38%NA59%

Table Percent (and Number) of Articles Published and Research Funded by Poverty Topics (Kerbo, p. 276) SubjectPublished Published Funded Funded Individual Characteristics 58% (39)24% (5)55% (18)42% (5) Poverty Programs 28% (19)23% (5)39% (13)42% (5) Other Topics13% (9)52% (11)6% (2)16% (2) Total100% (67)100% (21)100% (33)100% (12)

Table Government Expenditures: Percent of GNP and Percent on Social Programs for Selected Countries, 1998 (Kerbo, p. 296) CountryPercent of GNPPercent on Social Australia23.3%66.3% Austria37.9%68.2% Belgium44.4%NA Denmark37.7%NA Finland34.2%55.3% France44.6%NA Germany36.1%69.8% Netherlands46.0%63.9% New Zealand32.5%71% Spain34.2%46.3% Sweden41.7%53.2% Switzerland22.1%72.9% United Kingdom36.3%57.5% United States20.4%53.8%

Table Top and Bottom Five Industrial Nations as Ranked on UN Human Poverty Index, 2006 (Kerbo, p. 297) Highest Ranked NationsLowest Ranked Nations SwedenSpain NorwayAustralia NetherlandsUnited Kingdom FinlandUnited States DenmarkIreland