3.  TAXES AND SPENDING  ECONOMIC INTERVENTION /GOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP  SOCIAL WELFARE PROGRAMS  CIVIL RIGHTS / CIVIL LIBERTIES  EDUCATION  POVERTY Comparisons with Other Industrialized Democracies

4. American Exceptionalism The small size of government   General Measures: – –Taxes, employees, economic intervention, government ownership.   Social Insurance (Social Security) – –no national Health, sickness pay, programs established later, fewer benefits, fewer universal programs   Employment Regulation: – –Minimum wage (lower), other protections (fewer)

5. The small size of American government (contd.)   Public Assistance – –US has more   Family Programs: US lacks: – –Family Allowance – –Strict Child Support enforcement – –Paid Family Leave – –Subsidized Child Care

10. Total Government Debt, % of GDP

11. Country19801988 Sweden30.731.7 Denmark28.329.8 Australia26.025.6 Norway21.923.7 France20.023.0 Finland17.821.7 United Kingdom21.121.2 Austria17.320.6 Belgium18.820.4 Canada18.819.4 New Zealand19.218.1 Germany14.916.0 Netherlands14.915.5 Italy14.615.5 United States15.414.4 Switzerland10.711.2 Japan6.76.3 Government Employees: % of Total Employment

13. Expenditure by Program: % of GDP, 1985 OECD (mean) US

19. Sorted by total spending (US dollars) Military Spending, 1993

20. GOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP Old Socialism: – –public ownership of the means of production – –Great Britain, for example   New Socialism: – –private ownership – –extensive social welfare programs – –Sweden, for example

23. Social Welfare Programs   Social Insurance (Social Security)   Employment Regulation   Public Assistance   Family Programs

24. CORE SOCIAL INSURANCE PROGRAMS :   OASDHI – –O ld A ge Pension, S urvivors Insurance, Disability Insurance, H ealth I nsurance   Workers Compensation   Unemployment Insurance   Sickness Pay   National Health Insurance

25. Dates of Enactment of Social Insurance Programs in Seven Nations Workman'sPensionSicknessUnemploymentHealth Country CompensationInsurance Canada 19301927197119401972 France 18981905193019051945 Germany 18841889188319271880 Italy 1898 1919 192819191945 Sweden 1901 1913 191019341965 United King. 18871911 1948 1935 1908 United States 1935 ----1935 ---- Source: Robert Kurdle and Theodore R. Marmor, "The Development of Welfare States in North America," in Flora and Heidenheimer (1981, 83)

27. Employment Regulation:   US Fair Labor Standards Act – –40 hr. week, Minimum Wage, – –Child Labor, Family Leave   US National Labor Relations Act – –Collective Bargaining Rights   Worker Training Programs   Affirmative Action

30. Family Programs:   Family Allowance   Strict Child Support enforcement   Paid Family Leave   Subsidized Child Care

31. Public Assistance Programs:   AFDC   Food Stamps   Medicaid   SSI ( formerly AB, APTD, OAA )   General Assistance   Poverty Programs:   Meals on Wheels, School Lunch, Head Start, Job Training, WIC, Energy Assistance

32. Exceptions to Exceptionalism   Military spending, only since 1941   Prisons, criminal justice system – –Capital punishment   Judicial system & litigation – –---e.g. states suing cigarette companies   Education (maybe)   Regulation (maybe)   Tax expenditures   Farm subsidies (partly)   Prohibition   Slavery and Jim Crow laws

33. Differences in program structure Europe: Comprehensive and Universal programs US: Programs targeted to specific groups Means tested Decentralized

34. Health Care: Europe and US Europe   National Health Service, or   National Health Insurance   Covers 80-100% of pop   Covers 70-90 of costs United States   Medicare (elderly) {Parts A & B}   Medicaid (poor)   Tax exclusion for employer coverage (middle class)   Indian Health Services   CHIPS (working poor, children)   Veterans Health Care   More………….

35. US Programs (continued)   Black Lung Health Benefits   Municipal Hospitals   Community Health Clinics   Community Mental Health   Kidney dialysis program   Covers 45% of pop   Covers 45% of cost (excluding tax benefits)

37. Civil Rights and Civil Liberties   Bill of Rights – –First Amendment (Speech, Press Religion) – –Second Amendment – –Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Amendments   Abortion   Affirmative Action   Power of the Judicial System

38. Imprisonment Rate: Selected Counrties Rate per 100,000 of population

39. EDUCATION   Historical Development   Size   % Private   Centralization / Equality   Quality USA USA

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