20/06/2015Dr Andy Brooks1 TFV0103 Tölfræði og fræðileg vinnubrögð Fyrirlestur 8 Kafli 5 Probability Distributions/Líkindadreifingar (discrete variables/rofnar.

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20/06/2015Dr Andy Brooks1 TFV0103 Tölfræði og fræðileg vinnubrögð Fyrirlestur 8 Kafli 5 Probability Distributions/Líkindadreifingar (discrete variables/rofnar breytur) continuous variable/samfelld breyta discrete variable/rofin breyta “No such thing as 2,4 children.”,4 The probability of an event A is the same as the relative frequency of event A. Líkindin atburðar A er sama sem hlutfallsleg tíðni atburðar A. 2,4 börn eru ekki til. en að meðaltali gæti verið 2,4...

20/06/2015Dr Andy Brooks2 Dæmi Tossing a coin three times. Að kasta peningi þrisvar. Random variable x is the “number of heads”. Slembibreyta x er “fjöldi framhliða”. –0, 1, 2 eða 3 What is the mean and standard deviation of x? Hvert er meðaltal og staðalfrávik af x? random variable x/slembibreyta x Illustration 5.7 pp í bókinni. heads/framhlið tails/bakhlið

20/06/2015Dr Andy Brooks3 {HHH,HHT,HTH,HTT,THH,THT,TTH,TTT} Líkindin x = 0 er 1/8 (P(0) = 0,125) Líkindin x = 1 er 3/8 (P(1) = 0,375) Líkindin x = 2 er 3/8 (P(2) = 0,375) Líkindin x = 3 er 1/8 (P(3) = 0,125) Attention: Takið eftir: “mutually exclusive” events “ósamrýmanlegir” atburðir Size of the sample space S. Stærð úrtaksrúmsins S = = 8 möguleikar for all x/fyrir öll x

20/06/2015Dr Andy Brooks4 line graph/línurit histogram/stöplarit discrete probability distribution/rofin líkindadreifing Area/Flatarmál = 1 1 x 0,125 1 x 0,375 1 x 0,125 width/breidd 1 “ekki svo algengt að teikna svona”

20/06/2015Dr Andy Brooks5 xP(x)xP(x)x2x2 x 2 P(x) ∑P(x)=1∑xP(x)=1.5∑x 2 P(x)=3.0 μ ekki ein af 0,1,2,3 Interactivity 5-A ANSWER NOW 5.30 í bókinni population mean/þýðismeðaltal population standard deviation/ þýðisstaðalfrávik

20/06/2015Dr Andy Brooks6 Every trial has only two possible outcomes. e.g. Tossing a coin: heads or tails. Sérhver tilraun hefur aðeins tvær mögulegar útkomur. t.d. Kasta pengini: framhlið eða bakhlið. The trials are independent. e.g. heads:tails is always 50:50. Tilraunirnar eru óháðar. t.d. framhlið:bakhlið er alltaf 50:50. n is the number of trials. n er fjöldi tilrauna. e.g. The number of times a person tosses a coin. t.d. Fjöldi skipta sem maður kastar peningi. x is the number of times which a given event occurs. x er fjöldi skipta sem tiltekinn atburður gerist. BinomialDistribution/Tvíkostadreifing n = 3 operation in hospital aðgerð í sjúkrahús

20/06/2015Dr Andy Brooks7 Binomial Distribution/Tvíkostadreifing p is the probability of “success” in each trial –e.g. “probability of heads” P(H) = 0,5 so p = 0,5 q is the probability of “failure” in each trial –e.g. “probability of tails” P(T) = 0,5, so q =0,5 P(x), the probability of obtaining exactly x “successes” in n trials, is: binomial coefficient/tvíliðustuðull factorial/hrópmerkt reiknivél?

20/06/2015Dr Andy Brooks8 Binomial Distribution/Tvíkostadreifing p eru líkur á “jákvæðri” niðurstöðu í hverri tilraun –t.d. “líkur á framhlið” P(H) = 0,5 svo p = 0,5 q eru líkur á “neikvæðri” niðurstöðu í hverri tilraun –t.d. “líkur á bakhlið” P(T) = 0,5, svo q =0,5 P(x), líkurnar á að fá nákvæmlega x “jákvæðar” niðurstöður í n tilraunum, er: binomial coefficient/tvíliðustuðull reiknivél?

20/06/2015Dr Andy Brooks9 factorial number/hrópmerkt tala 0! = 1 1! = 1 2! = 2 x1 = 2 3! = 3 x 2 x 1 = 6 4! = 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 24 5! = 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 120 0! er sérstakt mál “factorial six”/“sex hrópmerkt”

20/06/2015Dr Andy Brooks10 {HHH,HHT,HTH,HTT,THH,THT,TTH,TTT} n = 3 (independent trials/ óháðar tilraunir) “success” = H og “fail” = T p = P(H) = 0,5 og q = P(T) = 0,5 p + q = 1 slembibreyta x = 0, 1, 2 eða 3 random variable x/slembibreyta x

20/06/2015Dr Andy Brooks11

20/06/2015Dr Andy Brooks12 Interactivity 5-B same answers as before/ eins svör eins og áður

20/06/2015Dr Andy Brooks13 Binomial Distribution, mean and standard deviation Tvíkostadreifing, meðaltal og staðalfrávik μ = 3 x 0,5 = 1,5 σ = √ (3 x 0,5 x 0,5) ≈ 0,87 eins svör eins og áður

20/06/2015Dr Andy Brooks14 p = 0,1 p = 0,5 Int. 5-B Math2260 Binomial 1