Monday, 10/12/2007, SERBIA Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in Serbia Strategic Plan for Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in Serbia Presentation by Prof. D. Panias Project coordinator

Monday, 10/12/2007, SERBIA Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in Serbia With the PREWARC Project The most important environmental problems from Mining & Metallurgical activities were revealed Mining & Metallurgical activities were revealed

Monday, 10/12/2007, SERBIA Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in Serbia With this presentation a Strategic Plan for the minimization of wastes from Mining & Metallurgical Activities in Serbia based on IPPC Directives is proposed

Monday, 10/12/2007, SERBIA Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in Serbia What is a Strategic Plan? An intended Action Plan that could be adopted in order to  Minimize the interactions between Mining & Metallurgical industries with Environment SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Monday, 10/12/2007, SERBIA Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in Serbia Mining Activities Management of Waste Rock Management of Flotation Tailings Actions for Closure and After Care

Monday, 10/12/2007, SERBIA Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in Serbia Mining Activities Management of Waste Rock

Monday, 10/12/2007, SERBIA Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in Serbia Mining activities- Treatment of Solids Waste Rock 1. Prevention of ARD generation a. Covers (Water, dry, oxygen consuming covers) b. Raised groundwater table c. De-pyritization d. Selective material handling 2. Control ARD impact a. Addition of alkaline additives b. Compaction and ground sealing

Monday, 10/12/2007, SERBIA Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in Serbia Treatment of Solids Waste Rock 3. Apply treatment options Passive treatment (wetlands or limestone drains [open or anoxic]) Passive treatment (wetlands or limestone drains [open or anoxic] ) Active treatment in a water treatment plant If none of the above, then

Monday, 10/12/2007, SERBIA Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in Serbia Mining Activities Management of Flotation Tailings

Monday, 10/12/2007, SERBIA Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in Serbia Mining activities -Treatment of Solids Tailings Any action that manages tailings in mined-out pits or in dams diverts natural external run-off, applies a safety factor of at least 1.3 to all dams during operation and carries out progressive restoration/revegetation Is suitable

Monday, 10/12/2007, SERBIA Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in Serbia Treatment of Flotation tailings & Waste water Case study from INTREAT project

Monday, 10/12/2007, SERBIA Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in Serbia V. K. copper mine Tailings dump Waste rock heap Cu concentrate Flotation Process Recycled water Tailings copper smelter Backfill Drainage Saraka wastewater Neutralization Open pit wastewater Discharging to natural receivers Old Bor open pit Sludge ore recycling

Monday, 10/12/2007, SERBIA Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in Serbia Mining Activities Closure and After Care of ARD potential waste rock and flotation tailings management facilities

Monday, 10/12/2007, SERBIA Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in Serbia Closure and After Care – Operating Mines Develop closure and after care plans during the planning phase of the operation Develop closure and after care plans during the planning phase of the operation Update them over time Update them over time

Monday, 10/12/2007, SERBIA Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in Serbia Closure and After Care –Closed mines Care for Acid Generation Control Care for Acid Generation Control Monitoring Monitoring

Monday, 10/12/2007, SERBIA Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in Serbia Metallurgical Activities Emissions Emissions Dusts Dusts Slimes Slimes Slags Slags Waste waterWaste water

Monday, 10/12/2007, SERBIA Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in Serbia Metallurgical Activities Emissions

Monday, 10/12/2007, SERBIA Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in Serbia Gas emissions treatment-SO 2 SO 2 1. Process Integrated Techniques – Minimization of SO 2 emissions Lowering the sulphur input 2. End of pipe Techniques – Treatment of gases Recovery as SO 2 or H 2 SO 4 (in cases of high S content) Wet waste gas desulphurization (in cases of low S content) {reaction with a solution containing Ca or Mg} Dry waste gas desulphurization (in cases of low S content) {adsorption on activated carbon}

Monday, 10/12/2007, SERBIA Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in Serbia Gas emissions treatment - NO x NO x Waste gas de-nitrification (high cost) activated carbon process with NH 3 injection activated carbon process with NH 3 injection selective catalytic reduction by NH 3 or urea to N 2 and H 2 O selective catalytic reduction by NH 3 or urea to N 2 and H 2 O Waste gas recirculation 1. Process Integrated Techniques – Minimization of NO x emissions 2. End of pipe Techniques – Treatment of gases

Monday, 10/12/2007, SERBIA Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in Serbia Metallurgical Activities Dusts

Monday, 10/12/2007, SERBIA Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in Serbia Dusts Dusts 1. Process Integrated Techniques – Minimization of dust 2. End of pipe Techniques – Abatement & Treatment of dusts Electrostatic precipitation, Fabric filters, Cyclones, Wet scrubbing, Dusts Re-use / Recycling Hoods or complete evacuation of the unit

Monday, 10/12/2007, SERBIA Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in Serbia Metallurgical Activities Slimes

Monday, 10/12/2007, SERBIA Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in Serbia Slimes treatment slimes Water recovery (Coagulation/sedimentation) Recycling / Re-use of solid wastes and by- products Controlled disposal 1. Process Integrated Techniques – Minimization of slime generation 2. End of pipe Techniques – Treatment Re-design of process

Monday, 10/12/2007, SERBIA Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in Serbia Slimes treatment hazardous slimes Pre-treatment, in order to render them inert Controlled disposal According to the requirements set out in the directive on landfill (Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste) Re-design of process 1. Process Integrated Techniques – Minimization of slime generation 2. End of pipe Techniques – Treatment

Monday, 10/12/2007, SERBIA Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in Serbia Metallurgical Activities Slag

Monday, 10/12/2007, SERBIA Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in Serbia Treatment of slag Slag Slag cleaning / fuming Recycling Re use (civil engineering, road construction, abrasive...) Controlled disposal 1. Process Integrated Techniques – Minimization of slag generation 2. End of pipe Techniques – Treatment Re-design of process

Monday, 10/12/2007, SERBIA Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in Serbia Metallurgical Activities Waste water

Monday, 10/12/2007, SERBIA Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in Serbia Treatment of oil contaminated water Oil contaminated water Gravity separation of free oil, Emulsion breaking, using emulsion breaking chemicals, Removal of oil by skimming tanks or any other effective device, Storage facilities for the skimmed oil and the sludge if the oil cannot be recycled immediately, Waste oil to be used as fuel in cement kilns as well as in other sectors (blast furnaces, ceramic and brick kilns, lime kilns), Disposal in landfills is illegal

Monday, 10/12/2007, SERBIA Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in Serbia Waste water treatment waste water 1. Process Integrated Techniques – Minimization of waste water generation 2. End of pipe Techniques – Treatment Recycling /Recirculation Neutralization / Precipitation

Monday, 10/12/2007, SERBIA Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in Serbia Energy Production Emissions Emissions Fly ash Fly ash Waste water Waste water

Monday, 10/12/2007, SERBIA Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in Serbia Energy Production Emissions

Monday, 10/12/2007, SERBIA Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in Serbia Gas emissions -SO 2 SO 2 1. End of pipe Techniques – Treatment of gases Flue-gas desulphurization (wet scrubbing [lime/limestone], spray dry scrubbing using lime slurry, dry sorbent injection of lime slurry) Combined techniques for the reduction of NO x and SO 2

Monday, 10/12/2007, SERBIA Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in Serbia Gas emissions treatment - NO x NO x Air / fuel staging, Low NO x burner 1.Process Integrated Techniques – Minimization of NOx Waste gas de-nitrification (high cost) selective catalytic reduction by NH 3 or urea to N 2 and H 2 O ( o C) selective catalytic reduction by NH 3 or urea to N 2 and H 2 O ( o C) selective non catalytic reduction by NH 3 to N 2 and H 2 O (850 – 1100 o C) selective non catalytic reduction by NH 3 to N 2 and H 2 O (850 – 1100 o C) 2. End of pipe Techniques – Treatment of gases Combined techniques for the reduction of NO x and SO 2 activated carbon process with NH 3 injection  activated carbon process with NH 3 injection  high surface area alumina process

Monday, 10/12/2007, SERBIA Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in Serbia Gas emissions treatment - CO CO Complete Combustion Well optimized system for the reduction of NO x emissions 1. Process Integrated Techniques – Minimization of CO generation 2. End of pipe Techniques – Treatment of gases

Monday, 10/12/2007, SERBIA Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in Serbia Energy production Fly ash

Monday, 10/12/2007, SERBIA Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in Serbia Waste solids treatment- fly ash Fly ash Controlled landfill Re-use Pretreatment – Immobilization of pollutants Landfill according to Council Directive 1993/31/EC

Monday, 10/12/2007, SERBIA Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in Serbia Energy production Waste waters

Monday, 10/12/2007, SERBIA Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in Serbia Waste water treatment 1. Process Integrated Techniques – Reduced waste water discharge 2. End of pipe Techniques – Treatment Flocculation Neutralization Sedimentation Ammonia reduction Recirculation Filtration Ion exchange Oil removal (same as in case of Metallurgy) Metallurgy) Re-design of process