Food for thought: Abba Lot went to see Abba Joseph and said to him, “Abba, as far as I can, I say my little office, I fast a little, I pray and meditate, I live in peace and I purify my thoughts. What else can I do?” Then the old man stood up and stretched his hands towards heaven. His fingers became like ten lamps of fire and he said to him, “ If you will you can become all flame!” --Joseph of Panephysis

Early History of Monasticism 1.Ascetics in the Bible & Early Judaism 2.The Rise of Monasticism 3.The Spiritual Warfare. 4.The functions of the holy man. Temptation of Christ in the desert

Nazarites in the OT Consecrated to God and made the following vows: –Abstained from wine –Did not cut their hair –Avoided contact with the dead body Example: Samson

Essene settlement in Qumran (second c. BC-first c. AD) Lived in an isolated community founded by the “Teacher of Righteousness” Rejected Temple worship Massacred by Romans in 68 AD.

Dead Sea Scroll Jar from Qumran

John the Baptist “Now John was clothed with camel's hair, with a leather belt around his waist, and he ate locusts and wild honey.” Mk 1: 6.

NT call to perfection Matthew 19:21: If you wish to be perfect, go, sell your possessions, and give the money to the poor and you will have treasure in heaven; then come, follow me." (cf. Evagrius, Praktikos 97) 1 Corinthians 7:1-2, 7: ‘It is well for a man not to touch a woman, but because of cases of sexual immorality, each man should have his own wife and each woman her own husband... This I say by way of concession, not of command. I wish that all were as I myself am.’

Stark contrast between the cultivated land and the desert

Leaving everything behind...

Two reasons for the rise of monasticism 1.Renewal movement within the church. 2.Call to personal holiness.

Antony the Great (251?-356) founder of solitary monasticism his call Athanasius’ Life of St. Antony became a model

St Antony enjoying the company of St Paul the Hermit

Life was not peaceful all the time...

Demonic hordes attack St Antony Matthies Grunewald, The Temptation of Saint Anthony (Detail from Panel from Isenheim Altarpiece), 1515

A close-up of the demonic ‘Zoo’

Spiritual warfare: five stages of sin 1.Provocation 2.Coupling 3.Assent 4.Captivity 5.Habit

Goals of monastic life 1.Purity of heart 2.Ceaseless prayer 3.Life according to the Beatitudes 4.Self-mastery. 5.Imitation of Christ 6.Final goal: eternal life The Ladder of Divine Assent: John Climachus

The function of the holy man in Late Antiquity Miracle-worker Patron and protector Mediator between heaven and earth Intercessor who stands outside social relations

Simeon surrounded by visitors

St Antony’s monastery. Founded in 356.

Entrance towers, St Antony’s monastery

Seven deadly sins