Wind What can it be used for:  Heat Electricity Generation  Transportation (other than via electricity)

Wind Farms Washington State in megawatts Puget Sound Energy - Coming online in the next year 380 megawatts Potential - 3,740 megawatts

Washington Wind

U.S. Wind Potential

Wind Conclusions ProsCons 1.Renewable 2.Clean 3.Relatively cheap 4.Duel use of the land 1.Requires constant high winds (or storage) 2.Takes space (but less than coal) 3.Usually far from people Outlook: Excellent - one of the most promising alternate energy sources. (Still can only provide a portion of energy needs.)

Tidal What can it be used for:  Heat Electricity Generation  Transportation (other than via electricity) Potential: 60 gigawatts (2% of total tidal energy)

Rance River Tidal Project (France) 13.4 m tidal range

Tidal Power in the NW (Using strong tidal currents)

Tidal Conclusions ProsCons 1.Renewable 2.Clean 3.Cheap to maintain. 1.Requires >5m tidal range 2.Coastal habitat impacts 3.Erosion from high water flows Outlook: Has potential but limited to coastal regions. Need to be careful of impacts.

Water: Hydroelectric What can it be used for:  Heat Electricity Generation  Transportation (other than via electricity)

Hydroelectric Generator

Hydro Output About 20% world electricity & 10% U.S. electricity (75% Seattle)

Washington Hydro Ice Harbor Dam (Snake R.) Boundary Dam (Pend d’Oreille R.) Ross Dam

Washington Hydro

Three Gorges Dam, China Largest dam in the world Yangtze River Cost - $24 billion (up to $75 billion!) 350 mi reservoir Power - 18 Gigawatts (Grand Coulee MW) Started Completion

Hydro Conclusions ProsCons 1.Renewable & Clean 2.Multiple Use: Flood control & irrigation 3.Respond well to varying demands 4.Long lifetime/low maintenance costs 1.Very expensive start 2.Relocation of people 3.Potential failure 4.Sedimentation 5.Downstream erosion 6.Evaporation of water 7.Spread of disease 8.Environmental impact Outlook: Very site specific (some are much better than others). Major expansion in the past - days of building new big dams is over. However, local potential in… a)Loss of habitat b)Increase water temp & decrease oxygen c)Salmon issues d)Flooding upstream

Hydro Alternatives 1.Smaller Dams 2.Run-of-the-River Plants MW Snoqualmie Falls Power Plant

Solar What can it be used for: Heat Electricity Generation  Transportation (other than via electricity)

Passive Solar

Active Solar: Photovoltaics

Active Solar: Solar II Plant

Energy Storage Batteries

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Use alternate energy to make hydrogen from water. Use hydrogen as a fuel in Hydrogen Fuel Cell.

Solar Potential Average Solar radiation in cal/cm 2

Solar Conclusions ProsCons 1.Clean 2.Renewable & plentiful 3.Cheap to maintain 1.Expensive start-up costs 2.Requires sun & space 3.Cells are “dirty” to make 4.Requires energy storage (at night, etc.) Outlook: As the cost of solar decreases (including subsidies), there is no reason why it won’t become part of the energy mix everywhere.

Adds 5-10% to initial house price However - Saves 30-40% over house’s lifetime

Conservation 1.Increase Efficiency Autos Homes Industry 2.Co-Generation 3.Personal Choices 4.Recycling

Conservation 1.Increase Efficiency Autos Homes Industry 2.Co-Generation 3.Personal Choices 4.Recycling Microturbines

Conservation 1.Increase Efficiency Autos Homes Industry 2.Co-Generation 3.Personal Choices 4.Recycling

Best Option: Conservation & Diversification Apollo Energy Project

Iceland Hydrogen Economy by 2030