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Presentation transcript:

باراميسيوم

☜- تعيش في المياه الراكدة، 250 ميكرون. ☜- لها سطح ظهري و بطني ، و طرف خلفي مدبب. ☜- القشيرة الخارجية مغطاة بأهداب. ☜- فم خلوي (Cytosome)، و ميزاب فمي(Oral groove)، و دهليز (Vesibule) .

☜- لها نواتين كبيرة و صغيرة. ☜- نوعين من الفجوات : ☜- الاهداب في الفم الخلوي تساعد على تجميع الغذاء و ادخاله. لها ما يشبه فتحة الاخراج. ☜- لها نواتين كبيرة و صغيرة. ☜- نوعين من الفجوات : ◄ فجوات غذائية. ◄ فجوات منقبضة.

☜- أشكال سداسية تحت القشيرة كل واحدة تحتوي على هدب. ☜- الهدب ينشأ من حبيبة قاعدية تسمى الجسم الحركي (Kinetosome). ☜- أكياس شعرية (Trichocysts) ، وظيفة دفاعية.

الحركة ☜- بمساعدة الاهداب، اهداب الصف الواحد تتحرك حركة منتظمة. ☜- يتحرك حركة دائرية حلزونية، عكس اتجاه عقارب الساعه. ☜- آلية الحركة (يجب الاطلاع عليها).

التغذية ☜- بكتيريا، بقايا نباتات، . ☜- أهداب الميزاب الفمي، تتكون فجوات غذائية، تفرز الانزيمات الهاضمة، البقايا تخرج عن طريقة الفتحة الشرجية.

التكاثر ☜- تنظيم الضغط الاسموزي ، التنفس و الاخراج . ☜- الانشطار الثنائي البسيط . ☜- الاقتران Conjugation . ☜- التزاوج الذاتي .

التكاثر ☜- الانشطار الثنائي البسيط . (كل ساعتين) ● انقسام ثنائي. ● تنقسم النواة الصغيرة ثم الكبيرة. ● تنقسم العضيات المختلفة. ● الانقسامات تمتد لمرحلة معينة ثم تدخل الخلية مرحلة الشيخوخة. ● تشوهات كروموسومية.

التكاثر .... يتبع ☜- الاقتران (conjugation) ● يلتصق فردين عن طريق المنطقة الفمية (المقترن Conjugant). ● تتحلل النواة الكبيرة تدريجيا. ● تنقسم النواة الصغيرة مرتين (تبقى واحده). ● تنقسم النواة الصغيرة ميوزيا (صغيرة (مهاجرة’Migratory) و كبيرة (ساكنة Stationary)) . ● تهاجر احدى النواتين (المهاجرة) عبر القنطرة السيتوبلازمية و تتحد مع النواة الساكنة في الخلية الاخرى .

التكاثر .... يتبع ● تنقسم نواة الزيجوت 3 انقسامات لكي تعطي ثمانية انوية. ● اربع منها تصبح متعددة المجموعة الكروموسومية و تعطي الانوية الكبيرة. ● بعد ذلك ينقسم السيتوبلازم (4 افراد). ● اختفاء النواة الكبيرة عند بدء الاقتران للتخلص من المحتوية على تشوهات كروموسومية ● اقتران خليتين مختلفتين (يساعد على تحسين الخلايا .

التكاثر .... يتبع ☜- التزاوج الذاتي: مشابهة للسابقه الا انها تحصل للفرد ذاته.

اللشمانيا Leishmania الطور اللشماني الطور اللبتوموني ذبابة الرمل Phlebotomus الطور اللشماني الطور اللبتوموني اللشمانيا الجلدية L. tropica اللشمانيا الاحشائية L. donovania

شعيبة اللحميات Sarcodina الأميبا Amoeba

Blood = connective tissue specialized cells: (= Formed elements) RBCs WBCs Platelets extracellular matrix: Plasma color ? volume ?

Plasma Composition Water 92% Plasma proteins 7% Other solutes 1% Transports organic and inorganic molecules, formed elements, and heat Water 92% Plasma proteins 7% Other solutes 1%

Plasma Proteins Albumin (60%) Major contributor to osmotic concentration of plasma. Transport of lipids and steroid hormones Globulins (35%) Transport ions, hormones, lipids; immune function Fibrinogen (4%) Essential component of clotting system (conversion to insoluble fibrin) Regulatory proteins (< 1%) ???? Hormones and enzymes

Other Solutes Electrolytes: Normal extracellular fluid ion composition (????) Organic nutrients: glucose, FA, AA Organic wastes: urea, bilirubin

Difference between Plasma and Interstitial Fluid : Plasma has more: Dissolved O2 O2 diffuses out into tissue Dissolved proteins (too big to cross caps.) Albumins Globulins  globulins  and  globulins Fibrinogen Similar concentration: Salts & small molecules

Difference between plasma and serum? serum = plasma -

. . . . 2 more things: Most plasma proteins are made in liver. Exception: ? Lipoproteins = particles containing lipids (cholesterol & triglycerids) and proteins (albumins & globulins)

Formed Elements Red and White Blood Cells Platelets WBCs RBCs .1% 99.9%

Formed Elements cont. Why white blood cells???

RBCs = Erythrocytes Measured by hematocrit or PCV Most abundant blood cell: 1000 RBCs/1 WBC Contain hemoglobin, carry O2 Very regular shape - biconcave discs Anucleate: Lifespan ~ 120 days replacement rate ~ 3 mio RBCs / sec

Structure of Hemoglobin (Hb) Fe ion in heme group reversibly binds O2 How many oxygen molecules can 1 Hb molecule carry? a

ABO & Rh Blood Types Blood groups (types) based on specific RBC surface antigens (= proteins) > 30 common varieties of antigens known. Most important ABO & Rh blood type ?

ABO Blood typing: 4 combinations possible A surface antigen = blood type A B surface antigen = blood type B both surface antigens = type AB neither surface antigen = type O Rh surface antigen = + blood type no Rh antigen = negative blood type

. . . 2 - 8 months after birth: Anti-A and anti-B antibodies can be formed in plasma ! normally NO anti Rh present

Transfusion Reaction Universal Donor vs. Universal Recipient Transfusion of incompatible blood can be fatal! Universal Donor vs. Universal Recipient Only for emergencies - must be given slowly !

Clinical Brief Anemia: p. 536 Polycythemia: Blood Doping: p. 545 Reduced oxygen carrying ability of blood. Causes?? Polycythemia: Erythrocytosis: excessive increase in RBCs Polycythemia vera: Blood Doping: p. 545 Via direct transfusion, or EPO use

WBCs = Leukocytes Granulocytes and Agranulocytes Quantity and type determined by differential WBC count Circulating WBCs are only a small fraction of total WBCs. Most are located in ? Diapedesis Chemotaxis

Neutrophil (= PMN) Up to ~ 70% (~ 2/3) of circulating WBCs Cytoplasm packed with pale granules containing lysosomal enzymes phagocytic

Eosinophil ~ 2% - 4% of circulating WBCs Granules stain with eosin Increased in allergies and parasitic infections

Basophil < 1% of circulating WBCs Granules stain with basic dyes and contain histamine Discharge of histamine promotes inflammation at site of injury (Similar to mast cells)

Monocyte ~ 2% - 8% of circulating WBCs Large kidney shaped nucleus In tissue called Macrophage

Lymphocytes ~ 20% - 30% of circulating WBCs Relatively small (slightly larger than RBCs) Large round nucleus B, T, NK

Platelets = Thrombocytes Cell fragments of Megakaryocytes (~ 4,000 thrombocytes per Megakaryocyte)  ~ 160 m Lifespan ~ 12 days involved in blood clotting

Abnormal Blood Cell Counts Leukopenia < 2,500/ L (normal 6000 – 9000) Leukocytosis > 30,000/ L Thrombocytopenia: < 80,000/ L (normal ~ 350,000) Thrombocytosis: > 1,000,000/ L Also Lymphopenia vs. _____________ _________vs. Neutrophilia

Hemopoiesis = Blood Cell Formation Hemocytoblasts: One type of stem cell for all blood cells . . . then differentiation into 4 types of progenitor stem cells: Erythroblast Myeloblast Monoblast Lymphoblast Fig 20.8 The End In red bone marrow