Lecture 07 Secondary Data GTECH 361 Lecture 07 Secondary Data

Geodatabase Topology Rule-based

Geometric Networks

Editing With Topology

Relationship Classes

Types of Geodatabases Personal GDB Enterprise GDB

Inside the Geodatabase

Now to the Session Proper Secondary data sources US Census Geo data portal

Why Secondary Data? Context (geographic, temporal, social) for primary data Secondary data may provide validation for primary data Secondary data may act as a substitute for primary data

Unofficial Secondary Data Sources Private research results Research reports, research papers, textbooks Opinion polls Market research On-line databases Anecdotal/hearsay

Official Secondary Data Sources Agriculture Business/Industry Crime Education Finance Energy Environment Health Transport Weather

Agriculture USDA FAO Farm Bureau Federation Babcock

Business / Industry STAT-USA/Internet (US Dep. of Commerce, not free) Consumer Expenditure Surveys (Bureau of Labor Statistics) Internal Revenue Service

Crime Bureau of Justice Statistics FBI Crime & Justice Electronic Data Abstracts http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/dtdata.htm

Education National Center for Education Statistics School District Data Book (ORST) National Science Foundation UNESCO

Environment EPA Envirofacts EPA EnviroMapper ScoreCard Right To Know Facility Information Hazardous Waste Data Superfund Toxics Releases Inventory Water Discharge Permits ScoreCard Right To Know

Health National Center for Health Statistics (CDC) Social Security Administration

Geophysical NOAA USGS US Forest Service Soil Conservation Service Dep. of Natural Resources (DNR) Dep. of Conservation

Transportation Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics State Highway Departments (CA, TX) Regional Transport Authorities

Census Structure Timing Population Organization Analysis Presentation Geographical Hierarchy Variables

Historical Context Article I, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution adopted in 1787 approved that Representatives and Taxes shall be apportioned among the states according to each states population. Enumeration (to ascertain the number of: count) shall be made within every subsequent term of 10 years

Historical Context The first Census of Population was conducted in 1790, it counted 3.9 million people and increased representation in the House to 105. As the Nation’s needs and interests became more complex statistics were added to help people understand what the raw numbers meant.

What is Collected? In 1954 Title 13 of the United States Code brought together the laws under which the Census Bureau operates This included a law requiring the following Censuses to be conducted: Population, housing, manufacturers, mineral industries, other businesses, construction, transportation, and governments at stated intervals

Confidentiality The sole purpose of the censuses is to secure general statistical information. Replies are obtained from individuals and establishments only to enable the compilation of these general statistics By law, no one is permitted to reveal identifiable information Before any information is published it is checked to make certain that no individual, household or organization can be identified

Confidentiality The individual forms filled out are closed to public viewing for 72 years The Freedom of Information Act does not apply to identifiable census data

Census 2000 Forms 2 main types, a short form and a long form The short form asks 7 questions 83% of households received the short form The long form covers 34 subjects 1 in 6 households received the long form The long form took approximately 38(?!) minutes to complete

Why Two Forms? The short form The long form The data from the long form is considered to be representative of all the people in the “neighborhood” and is extrapolated into sample data The data from the short form is considered to count 100% of the population

Dealing with Census Data The main way to tackle census data is by: Geographic extent of the area you are interested in and Variables or subjects The key is to combine the two

Census Geography It is confusing! Changes over time Some levels are based on population numbers Do not compare oranges to apples!!

Census Geographic Areas States, DC and Puerto Rico Counties Cities, towns, and townships Census tracts (roughly 4000 people, neighborhood sized areas) Block groups (groups of census blocks, generally containing 800 to 1,000 people) Blocks (9 million, covering entire US, not all data is summarized to this level) Congressional districts American Indian and Alaska Native Areas

Census Geographical Hierarchy

Metropolitan Areas

Census Geography It is confusing! Changes over time Some levels are based on population numbers Do not compare oranges to apples!!

Census Household Variables Number of persons Age and gender Race Language Income and poverty Education Employment Citizenship Vehicles for commute Disability Homeownership status Vacancy Rent and value of housing Age and type of structure Plumbing and Kitchen Heating

Examples of Census Variables Accommodations Agriculture Alaska Natives Arts, Entertainments Asians Assets Assistance Capital Expenditures Child Care/Support Commodity Flows Communications Consumer Income County Business Patterns County/City Government

The Concept of Race Not based on any scientific definition Prior to Census 2000 only allowed 1 choice Census 2000 allowed the following choices for Race: White Black, African American American Indian or Alaska Native (tribe was requested) Asian Indian, Japanese, Chinese, Filipino, Hawaiian, Korean, Vietnamese, Guamanian or Chamorro Samoan Or to be written in if none of these apply

Ethnic Origin The Hispanic population is considered an ethnic group according the the Census Bureau In Census 2000 choices for Hispanic origin or descent were: Mexican Mexican American Puerto Rican Cuban Or Other Spanish/Hispanic/Latino

Race/Ethnic Origin The concept of race separate from Hispanic origin has been confusing Census users for years The thing to remember is that while a person may be of Hispanic origin, they also are white, black, asian-pacific islander, or other It’s the same concept of being white and of german ethnicity

Multiracial Categories Controversy Until 1970 the Census Bureau enumerator decided people’s race for them, sometimes by inquiring, often by simply looking Since 1970 people could choose only 1 race to describe themselves Census 2000 allowed people to choose any number of races Over 7 million people marked more than one race to describe themselves This number is less than 3 percent of the total population but has huge impacts in a number of ways

Native Americans If one counts only those who checked American Indian alone, 2.5 million If one counts those whites and blacks who think they have a little Indian blood, and checked it in addition to white or black categories, 4.1 million That is an increase of nearly 65% Should the Federal Government increase services for Native Americans by 65%?

Statistical Problems The Census Bureau’s racial percentages now add up to well over 100 No one can reliably compare 1990 or earlier data to 2000 data

TIGER Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing system Based on USGS topographic maps but majorly augmented Contains no elevation data No copyright No attribute data!

American Community Survey Annual Long Representative – not comprehensive Master Address File for sample selection Wisconsin a forerunner

Pro’s and Con’s of Secondary Data Disadvantages Collection method unknown Lack of control Advantages Cheap Timeliness Access to people/organizations that we wouldn’t have access to otherwise Less post-processing

Geoinformation Portals Public data (mostly federal) http://www.geodata.gov/ Public and private data (sometimes costly) http://www.geographynetwork.com/

Data Vendors Remote Sensing Value adding to public data Utilities Market Research GIS Vendors University Extensions World Bank

Before YOU Purchase Data Accuracy Compatibility Lineage and metadata Who owns the copyright?