Functional neuroanatomy Overview of brain anatomy & systems –Localization/networks –Scale in the nervous system –Sensorimotor systems How our brains interact with the external world (loops) –States ‘of mind’ (and body) Specific functional systems –Memory & emotion How our brains use previous experience to modify behavior Vision & attention; language

Learning & memory Where were you on the following day?

Learning & memory September 11, 2006

Learning & memory “Knowing that” Vs. “Knowing how” Gilbert Ryle, Oxford philosopher of mind, 1949

The limbic system: Memory & emotion

Medial temporal lobe memory system

Courtesy of S. Heckers (J N Trans, 2002)

Current standard 1mm structural imaging (AD patient) Trio TIM, 12 channel coil, 1mm 3 MPRAGE

High-resolution MR imaging 7 Tesla ex vivo Courtesy of Jean Augustinack & Bruce Fischl um resolution

High-resolution MPRAGE 32 channel coil, 3T Trio 0.38x0.38x1mm MPRAGE (ipat x 2, 10 min acq time, 112 slices), Seven acquisitions were motion-corrected and averaged. Beautiful contrast & anatomic detail is present, including thalamic nuclei, claustrum, tiny perforating vessels

High-resolution MPRAGE Excellent grey-white contrast is present in hippocampus; note also tiny pial perforating vessels

Learning & memory: HM H.M.Control Corkin S, J Nsci, 1997

Learning & memory: HM

Multiple memory systems

Learning & memory What task would you use to show differential hippocampal activation? (When is the hippocampus “off”?)

Functional MRI Paradigm Functional MRI Paradigm Scene encoding (block design) Novel Repeated Adapted from C.E. Stern et al., PNAS, s40s25s

Learning & memory: Novelty Stern CE, PNAS 1996

Learning & memory: Events Brewer J, Science 1998; Wagner A, Science 1998

Learning & memory: Individual variability in MTL activation Vandenbroucke MWJ, Neuroimage 2004

Learning & memory: Individual variability in anatomy Vandenbroucke MWJ, Neuroimage 2004

Genetic influences on MTL activation Hariri et al., J Neurosci, 2003Bookheimer et al.,NEJM, 2000 BDNF val/val > val/met APOE 4 > 3

Multiple memory systems

Learning & memory: Frontal lobe anatomy

Learning & memory: Frontal lobe & episodic memory Brewer J, Science 1998; Wagner A, Science 1998

Learning & memory: Working memory Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: Digit span Delayed match to sample N-back

Learning & memory: Working memory D’Esposito M, 2002

Learning & memory: Working memory & sleep deprivation Drummond SP, Nature 2004 After full night sleepAfter sleep deprivation N-back task

Learning & memory: Striatal anatomy

Learning & memory: Striatum & procedural memory Knowlton BJ, Science 1996

Emotional learning & memory: Amygdala & orbitofrontal cortex Poldrack R, Nature 2001

Emotional conditioning is dependent on amygdala, declarative learning on the hippocampus Bechara A, Science 1995

Amygdala activation is related to emotional intensity at encoding, and predicts recall Canli T, J Neurosci 2000 Recognition 3 weeks later

‘Unseen’ emotional stimuli activate amygdala & can elicit emotional conditioning Morris JS, Brain 2001

Systems for processing facial emotion Adolphs R, Curr Opn Nbiol 2002

Learning & memory Binding information processed by the brain for storage and future use, particularly with relevance to survival & other needs