The Role of Lubricants in Fuel Efficient Equipment Design Christoph Wincierz

CO2 statements Lord John Browne, BP chief executive (2002) „We believe that if every car driver in Europe used the best lubricant we have available today, CO2 emissions would fall by 30 million tonnes a year." Western European OEM (2007) „The cost of reducing 1 g CO2 per km is between 30 and 120 €.“ Source: BMW Date | Title of Presentation

How do lubricants reduce fuel consumption? 1. Mechanical Efficiency Viscous drag → Reduce viscosity Friction in contacts → Optimize surface layer 2. Volumetric Efficiency → Increase viscosity 3. Compensate downsizing effects Shear stability ↑ Pitting resistance↑ EP / AW performance ↑ Longevity FM ↑ Thermal-oxidative stability ↑ Operating temperature ↓ Date | Title of Presentation

SAE J306 updated for fuel economy and shear stability Stay-in-grade after shear in KRL 20 hours (CEC L-45-A-99) Date | Title of Presentation

Truck on Roller Dynamometer Manual Transmission Fluid ZF fluid SAE 30 KV 100 / cSt 9.0 11.5 KV 30 / cSt 84 170 FIGE cyclus, fuel savings Urban traffic: 2.6 – 3.3 % Suburban traffic: 1,1 – 1,2 % Motorway: 0 % (direct drive) Total Savings 0.7 – 1 % Source: ZF Heavy truck field test revealed 0.5 to 5 % difference in fuel consumption between SAE 90 and SAE 75W-90 depending on topography and temperature. Source: RohMax Date | Title of Presentation

Automatic Transmission Fluid Passenger Car Source: ZF 1 % better fuel economy Date | Title of Presentation

FZG Efficiency Test according to VW Method PV 1456 Gear Set 2 Gear Set 1 Torque Sensor Drive Motor Torque Adjustment Flange Torsion Flange Shaft 2 Shaft 1 Selection of base oil, additives, VI Improver Date | Title of Presentation

Avoid Pitting as a consequence of lower viscosities OEMs specify Bearing pitting test FZG Pitting tests Film thickness Date | Title of Presentation

Operating Temperature ARKL Test VW PV 1454 Mineral oil 4 mm²/s PAO 4 Oil Temperature °C Test time in min Date | Title of Presentation

Volumetric Efficiency Increased viscosity at operating temperature leads to higher pump efficiency. Date | Title of Presentation

CAT Hydo 10W (VI 104) vs ISO 46 (VI 200) Caterpillar 318CL Throttle Fuel Consumption ISO 46 VI 200 Productivity Number of Work Cycles 100 % - 13.8% + 5.8% 90 % - 8.6% + 24.3% Date | Title of Presentation

Summary OEMs view lubricants as design element for fuel economy. Trend towards lower viscosities keeps ongoing. Pitting is a challenge. Efficiency increases importance in hydraulic applications. Date | Title of Presentation

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