1. An Overview of Carpenter‘s High-Temperature Alloys
Carpenter’s 4500-ton forging press
Copyright 2006, CRS Holdings, Inc.

2. Overview of Carpenter’s High-Temperature Alloys
In this presentation:
Definitions
Uses and applications
Classes of alloys
Alloying and strengthening
Properties
Selectaloy® diagrams
The information and data presented herein are typical or average values and are not a guarantee of maximum or minimum values. Applications specifically suggested for material described herein are made solely for the purpose of illustration to enable the reader to make his/her own evaluation and are not intended as warranties, either express or implied, of fitness for these or other purposes.

3. Definition of Carpenter’s High-Temperature Alloys
"High" temperature is broadly defined as °F.
Applications for Carpenter high-temperature alloys are typically °F range.
Higher strength at elevated temperatures
Resistance to embrittlement (thermal stability)
Resistance to oxidation and hot corrosion

4. Definitions of High-Temperature Alloys
Superalloy - an alloy with high mechanical strength and resistance to surface degradation at high temperatures of 1200°F (650°C) or above
Strengthening - method by which the hardness, yield and tensile strengths are increased
Age-Hardenable - heat-treatable to high strength levels by precipitation of a phase

5. Major Uses of High-Temp (Pyromet®) alloys:
Uses for Carpenter’s High-Temperature Alloys
Major Uses of High-Temp (Pyromet®) alloys:
Aerospace Gas Turbine Engines
Land-Based Power Generation Turbines
High-Temperature Fasteners
Combustion Engine Exhaust Valves
Hot Working Tooling and Dies (Pyrotool® trade name)

6. Lower-Temperature Applications:
Uses for Carpenter’s High-Temperature Alloys
Lower-Temperature Applications:
Medical Implants (BioDur® alloys)
Oil and Gas Well Equipment
Cryogenic Applications

7. Classes of High-Temperature Alloys
Base
Super 12% Cr Martensitic Stainless Steels Fe
Fe-Ni
Fe-Ni-Co
20-23% Cr Austenitic Valve Steels
Age-Hardenable Superalloys
Age-Hardenable, Low-Expansion Superalloys

8. Classes of High-Temperature Alloys (cont’d)
Base
Solid-Solution-Strengthened Superalloys Ni
Ni-Co Co
Age-Hardenable Superalloys
Multi-Phase (MP) Superalloys
Solid-Solution-Strengthened Superalloys

9. Alloying Element Effects - High-Temperature Alloys
Nickel - (0-75%)
Chromium - (11-23%)
Molybdenum - and Tungsten (0-15%)
stabilizes austenite, forms strengthening phases, improves high-temperature stability and strength
forms protective oxide layer for oxidation and corrosion resistance
strengthening elements; improve corrosion resistance

10. Alloying Element Effects - High-Temperature Alloys
Cobalt - (0-60%)
Aluminum - (0-2%)
Carbon/Nitrogen - (0-0.1 or 0.5%)
Titanium and - Columbium (0-5%)
Additions increase stability of hardening phase; provides improved creep and hot corrosion resistance
Forms primary strengthening phase with nickel
Form carbides and nitrides with Cr, Mo, Ti, Cb
Form stable carbides and primary strengthening phases in Ni alloys - Ni3(Ti,Al,Cb)
Other possible minor additions: C, N, B, Zr, Mg, Si, V, Cu

11. Strengthening of High-Temperature Alloys
Martensitic Transformation
Carbide and Nitride Precipitation
Solid-Solution Strengthening
Age Hardening - Ni3(Ti,Al,Cb)
Cold-Work Strengthening

12. What Properties are Important?
Tensile
Creep and Stress-Rupture
Fatigue and Crack Growth
Toughness
Oxidation and Corrosion Resistance
Wear/Erosion
Physical (expansion, conductivity)
Other properties may be critical depending on the application.

13. Properties: Elevated Temperature
Strength of Superalloys vs. Other Alloys

14. Properties: Stress-Rupture Strength
vs. Cost of Superalloys

15. Age-Hardenable Superalloy Selectaloy® Diagram (Yield Strength)
720
718
31V
Ni-30
TEMPERATURE
TENSILE YIELD STRENGTH
Wasp/901/
Thermo-Span
X-750
80A/A-286 41
909
706
751
Ni-30/
909/706
Wasp/901
751/X-750
80A
A-286
Waspaloy
901
31V/751
901/31V
75°F
(24°C)
1500°F
(815°C)
1200°F
(650°C)
1300°F
(705°C)
1400°F
(760°C)
1600°F
(870°C)
Selectaloy and Thermo-Span are registered trademarks of CRS Holdings, Inc., a subsidiary of Carpenter Technology Corporation. All rights reserved.

16. Age-Hardenable Superalloy
Selectaloy® Diagram (Stress-Rupture Strength)
720 41
Waspaloy/718
706
720
901
31V/751
X-750/80A 41
STRESS-RUPTURE STRENGTH
Ni-30
Thermo-Span
Wasp
718
706/901
720
31V/751
80A/X-750/Ni-30
909
A-286 41
Waspaloy
720
31V/751
901
80A/Ni-30 41
Waspaloy
A-286
720
31V/751
80A 41
Waspaloy
1200°F
(650°C)
1300°F
(705°C)
1400°F
(760°C)
1500°F
(815°C)
1600°F
(870°C)
TEMPERATURE
Selectaloy and Thermo-Span are registered trademarks of CRS Holdings, Inc., a subsidiary of Carpenter Technology Corporation. All rights reserved.

17. Oil-Field Alloy Selectaloy® Diagram
(selector available to Tech Center registered users)
Pyromet, Custom Age 625, 15-15HS, 15-15LC and Custom 450 are registered trademarks of CRS Holdings, Inc., a subsidiary of Carpenter Technology Corporation. All rights reserved.

18. Medical Alloy Selectaloy® Diagram
(selector available to Tech Center registered users)
BioDur, CCM Plus, Gall-Tough, Custom 450, Custom 455 and TrimRite are registered trademarks of CRS Holdings, Inc., a subsidiary of Carpenter Technology Corporation. All rights reserved.

19. High-Strength Wire Selectaloy® Diagram
(selector available to Tech Center registered users)
Custom Age 625 and Pyromet are registered trademarks of CRS Holdings, Inc., a subsidiary of Carpenter Technology Corporation. All rights reserved.

20. Low-Expansion Superalloys

21. Summary Carpenter's High-Temperature Alloys
Alloys with enhanced properties at temperatures above °F
Major applications have been turbine engine components, automotive valves, and fasteners
Can be Fe, Ni or Co-based (or combination) with 12-23% Cr and up to 10 other additions
Major alloys are Pyromet® alloys 718, 706, A-286 and Waspaloy

22. Summary (cont’d) Carpenter's High-Temperature Alloys
Major strengthening mechanism is age hardening
Nickel-base superalloys offer highest mechanical properties
Relative alloying cost of superalloys varies by a factor of 6 or more

23. Thank you for your interest in Carpenter’s high temperature alloys
Thank you for your interest in Carpenter’s high temperature alloys. More information about Carpenter’s products is available on this website including technical datasheets and articles, Products, and Product Literature. To contact Carpenter, call in the U.S. or refer to the Contact Us page for the location nearest you.