Chapter 14 The Nation Divided

Section 1 Growing Tensions Over Slavery

The Debate Over Slavery and States’ Rights If Then Who Benefits? The Wilmot Proviso passes, 1. slavery will be banned in all territory from the Mexican-American War that becomes part of the United States; slave states will be outnumbered and weakened. North Lewis Cass (Democrat) becomes President, 2. Citizens of each territory or state will vote for themselves whether to be free or slave Both North and South Let’s think: What was the Missouri Compromise?

The Debate Over Slavery and States’ Rights If Then Who Benefits? Martin Van Buren (Free-Soil) becomes President, 3. The southwest will come in entirely free North Zachary Taylor (Whig) becomes 4. As a Whig he might favor slavery and the South South Martin Van Buren Zachary Taylor

The Debate Over Slavery and States’ Rights If Then Who Benefits? California enters the Union as a free state, 5. Free states gain a majority in Congress, so Southerners can’t block anti-slavery laws North *Let’s Think: Why was California entering the Union a controversy?

The Debate Over Slavery and States’ Rights If Then Who Benefits? Fugitive slave laws are enforced, 6. slavery is enforced in the North and the South. South

The Debate Over Slavery and States’ Rights If Then Who Benefits? Henry Clay’s proposals are accepted, 7. according to Calhoun, the South would be exposed to continued attacks on slavery and there would be two ways to preserve the South’s way of life: a constitutional Amendment to protect states rights’ or secession Neither

The Debate Over Slavery and States’ Rights If Then Who Benefits? Slavery remains an unresolved issue, 8. Bitter debate will continue to divide the nation Neither

Section 2 Compromises Fail

Compromise of 1850 Proposed by Henry Clay Terms: Goal of Compromise: California admitted as a free state Slave trade banned in nation’s capital Popular Sovereignty would decide slavery in the rest of the Mexican Cession. Southerners got a tough new fugitive slave law Goal of Compromise: To end slavery crisis by giving supporters and opponents of slavery some of what they wanted. Let’s Think: Why was slavery in Washington D.C. such an important issue?

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Terms: Results: Government officials may arrest any person accused of being a runaway slave by any white person. Suspects had no right to a trial. Northerners were required to help authorities capture accused runaway slaves if asked. Results: Most controversial part of the Compromise of 1850 Thousands of northern African Americans fled to Canada.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe Raised attention to slavery in the North Made slavery not just a political issue, but a moral/human issue Let’s Think: What impact did Uncle Tom’s Cabin have in both the North and the South?

Kansas- Nebraska Act of 1854 Proposed by Stephen Douglas Terms: Slavery in the new Kansas and Nebraska territories was to be decided by popular sovereignty. Results: Undid the Missouri Compromise Reopened the issue of slavery in territories Northerners outraged Let’s Think: -Why did southerners Support it? -Why were northerners angry with it?

Kansas Election of 1855 Events: Results: Both proslavery and antislavery settlers flooded Kansas and wanted to hold the majority in the territory. Thousands of Missourians entered Kansas illegally to select a territorial legislatures. Anti-slavery settlers held a second election. Results: Kansas now had two governments. Violence broke out and earned Kansas the name Bleeding Kansas.

Section 3 The Crisis Deepens

The Dred Scott Decision Dred Scott was an enslaved person who sued for his freedom. Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B Taney ruled that Scott had no right to sue in federal court because African Americans were not citizens. Slaves were property, and the property rights of their owners were protected in all states. This meant Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in any territory, and the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. Supporters of slavery rejoiced at this ruling but northerners were shocked. Let’s Think: What were Taney’s 3 conclusions in the Dred Scott decision?

Abraham Lincoln-Stephen Douglas Debates Occurred during Illinois Senate race in the year 1858. Lincoln’s opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Act led him to run as a Republican against Senator Stephen Douglas, the author of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. The goal of the new Republican party was to stop the spread of slavery into western territories.

Douglas’s stand on popular sovereignty: Each state has the right to choose slavery if it pleases

Lincoln’s stand on African Americans: not socially and politically equal to white people entitled to rights in the Declaration of Independence

Lincoln’s stand on slavery: Morally wrong Would die out on it’s own Can’t be allowed in the west

Lincoln’s position on the Union: In favor of the Union, Lincoln stated that the country could not survive, “half slave and half free.”

Let’s Think: Why do you think that debates between two candidates for Illinois senator were important to the whole country?

John Brown’s Raid Who was John Brown? His plan in 1859: New England Abolitionist driven out of Kansas for killing pro-slavery men there His plan in 1859: Seize guns at Harper’s Ferry, give them to slaves that joined him, lead them in a revolt that would eventually free all slaves Southerners were worried because: Brown had support of northern abolitionists, many in the North saw him as a hero Let’s Think: What was the effect of John Brown’s raid?

Shows: John Brown and the clash of forces in Bleeding Kansas Shows: John Brown and the clash of forces in Bleeding Kansas. A mural in the Kansas State Capitol, Topeka, Kansas. Painted by: John Steuart Curry.

The Last Moments of John Brown, by Thomas Hovenden

Section 4 The Coming of the Civil War

The Election of 1860 There were four Democratic candidates in the election Northern Democratic candidate: Stephen Douglas Southern Democratic candidate: John Breckinridge Constitutional Union candidate: John Bell Republican candidate: Abraham Lincoln Douglas Breckenridge Bell Lincoln

The Election of 1860 Although he did not receive a majority of the popular vote, Lincoln received enough electoral votes to win the election. The election showed how fragmented (or divided) the nation was.

Secession After South Carolina learned that Lincoln had won the election, it responded by seceding from the Union Southern leaders who opposed secession: Tennessee Senator Andrew Johnson Texas Governor Sam Huston First state to secede from the Union: South Carolina

Secession Name of the new southern nation: Confederate States of America President of the southern nation: Jefferson Davis

Secession Lincoln’s message to seceding states: he assured the seceded states that he meant them no harm and that he would not interfere with slavery where it existed Response of seceding states to Lincoln’s message: Rejection The seized federal property in their borders

Fort Sumter Lincoln’s plan to deal with the siege of Fort Sumter: send a supply ship with no guns, so southerners wouldn’t think he was attacking them. South Carolina’s response to Lincoln’s plan: they fired on the fort, capturing it and starting the Civil War.