1 Energy in the Water Cycle: An introduction Jorge A. Elias M. 1

 Why is it important?  How can we reduce CO 2 emissions in the UWC?  How much heat is lost in Domestic Water?  What is the heat potential in Urban Water?  Where is an opportunity?  How heat is recovered?  What kind of projects are there?  Which are some developing technologies? 2

3 Energy sources in The Netherlands World 1 Mtoe = 2388 PJ

 CO 2 emission and electricity consumption in the world according to the development of certain countries Source: UNDP

 Energy reducing strategies ◦ Improving treatment processes ◦ Recycling water ◦ Reusing energy in water ◦ Using different energy sources ◦ Water minimization ◦ Producing energy form water 5

 In The Netherlands 6 Water Consumption130 L/inhab Heated water65 L/inhab Average temperature of heated water 40ºC Energy in waterkWh/inhab/yr Transportation90 Treatment90 Heating(40ºC) – 82 % of «invested» energy in water 20 – 40 % Of Energy loses in a house

7 Avoided Ktons CO 2 Case of Amsterdam

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 Heat pump ◦ Its utilization started more than 20 years ◦ In Switzerland: 3% of the thermal energy demand of buildings. 10

 Heat Recovery in showers ◦ 4 – 15% Energy Savings ◦ No extra energy required ◦ For individual showers ◦ The near to the hot source, the better  ATES-BTES ◦ Heat «Storage» ◦ Coupled with heat pumps ◦ BTES are more expensive ◦ They must be stabilized

 District heating ◦ Hotels, pools, buildings, houses. ◦ Minimum flow: 10 L/s ◦ Main concern: Performance of WWTP  Sludge drying ◦ With treated water ◦ It does not represent danger to the WWTP performance ◦ Not many publications

 Using different energy sources  Water minimization  Producing energy form water  Solar desalination  Smart Grids  MFC’s 13

 Membrane desalination ◦ A thermally driven process the steam of the feed (hot solution) passes through membrane ◦ Need for development  Long-term performance  Scale-up  Realistic assessments 14

 Smart grids ◦ Measuring and control technologies ◦ Applied mostly in electrical industry ◦ Leaks detection ◦ Provide information about consumption ◦ Real-Time knowledge 15

 Microbial Fuel Cells ◦ Yield: 23 W/m3 ◦ Can be used for WWT (nitrification) ◦ Cathode is the «bottle neck» of MFCs ◦ No commercially available  $ Materials of electrodes  Pilot projects (fouling, changes in substrate and temperature)  Lack of knowledge about bacterial metabolism 16 Other types: Plants-MFCs

17 You can be happy when you use me Because me and my friends can become more CO 2 neutral or… An ENERGY FACTORY

18 Comments and suggestions? And finally, thank you for your attention