Cartography and GIS (Geovisualization) GIS 200 Lo & Yeung, Ch 7

Showker, Krimmer Review of Spatial Analysis Spatial analysis requires: GIS and spatial/statistical data analysis functionality Key objectives of spatial analysis: Investigate spatial patterns and discover relationships Examples of statistical analysis: Summary statistics (sum, mean), histograms, bar charts Common spatial analysis techniques: Analytical cartography, query, measurement, buffering, transformation, map overlay, spatial interpolation 2 types of (ways to use) buffers and examples: Inclusive and exclusionary (exclusive) Build within 300m of sewer, but not build in floodplain

Showker, Krimmer Review of Spatial Analysis What types of map overlay functions are these?  Identity Intersect Union Update What types of transformation functions are these? Clip, Dissolve, Append***

Showker, Krimmer Desired Learning Objectives Define cartography Give examples of generalizations made to represent spatial data List some cartographic map elements Describe what makes up a cartographic database Discuss why cartography is more than just “computerized” map making List the two broad categories/types of maps Discuss why cartography is essential in producing a good map Cartography and GIS (Geovisualization)

Showker, Krimmer What are Maps? Maps are abstract models of reality Maps are important communication and decision support tools Maps are both storage and communication mechanisms Many maps today are dynamic and interactive via internet and server systems Maps are often the interface to geospatial information and the end product of GIS analysis

Showker, Krimmer What is Cartography? The art and science of map making Contemporary cartography employs knowledge of computer science (technology) to more fully realize the power of geovisualization Geovisualization integrates GIS and Scientific & Information Visualization, Cartography, Image Analysis, and Exploratory Data Analysis for the visual exploration, analysis, synthesis and presentation of geospatial information. Web Trend Map

Showker, Krimmer Cartography Powerful (geo)visualization tool Used to illustrate: Elevation Location Demographics Changes in characteristics over time Many other geographic relationships… Web mapping paradigm shift – “We no longer go to maps to find out where we are. Instead, we tell maps where we are and they form around us on the fly.”

Showker, Krimmer History of Cartography Polynesian navigation chart of winds & currents

Showker, Krimmer Contemporary issues Cartography is a niche in GIS Traditional cartographic methods “lost art” Replaced by technology Fewer people now trained/educated in cartography GIS makes it easy for anyone to make a map with little/no knowledge of cartography Industry, government, educators have mis-communicated The tradecraft of cartography Where/how cartography fits into the GIS world

Showker, Krimmer Re-invention of Cartography Many industries rely on cartographic principles Map accuracy Aesthetics Understanding of traditional maps Modern advances in GIS and Cartography emphasize the utility & necessity of maps GIS and web mapping allows Interaction with maps, not just passive viewing Dynamic, animated maps 3-D virtual maps (simulations)

Showker, Krimmer Reference Mapping Any map that represents a specific kind of information for general/multi-purpose use, emphasizes location of geographic features. Topographic maps Road maps City maps

Showker, Krimmer Thematic Mapping Analytical cartography Usually the end product of analysis Represent geographic/statistical themes Population census statistics Soil maps Climate maps

Showker, Krimmer Map Design “One map is worth 1000 words” A well-designed map tells the complete story Includes all the necessary information to interpret the map correctly, but omits extraneous, irrelevant detail Highlights patterns and information not easily understood as text/numerical data

Showker, Krimmer Map composition Map body the actual map Overview map helps “position” the main map Inset map enlarges areas to show more detail Title Neatline Date Author Legend Scale Direction: north arrow Sources and map metadata text needed to help explain the map (history or background).

Showker, Krimmer Map Title North Arrow Text and Source Legend Map Inset Picture Inset Scalebar Neatline Scalebars for both maps Frame & Neatline

End of Cartography Part 1