How Did the Internet Fair During 9-11? Randy H. Katz University of California, Berkeley Post 9-11 Panel Session Networking 2002 Pisa, Italy

Observations No single points of failure, correlated failure modes a problem –Baltimore Tunnel Fire –Ohio train derailment Communications Infrastructures –Telephone networks (including cellular systems) –Tactical radio networks –Data networks Internet did well during 9-11 –Small effect on operation Some close calls: 60 Hudson Street Backup power for 48 hours, came within hours of shutdown –Content demand in the face of flash crowds –Community response: missing person databases

Observations Cellular Networks –Largely knocked out in lower Manhattan: correlated placement of BSs –System overwhelmed, no way to distinguish priority from non-priority –Restoration within days Tactical/Public Safety Radio Systems –Different systems for fire, police, federal law enforcement –Main dispatch centers knocked out in WTC –No support for dynamic reconfiguration, reallocation, interoperation International Cooperation/Policy –Equivalent of “National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)” –Guidelines for developing/deploying critical comms infrastructures –Law enforcement coordination

Research Issues Survivable Infrastructures –Self-aware, diagnose own failed/injured components, re-assemble from survivors, spares, replacements –Prioritize access to infrastructure Adaptive Infrastructures –Infrastructure aware of its performance in its impacted state, to prioritize internal allocation of resource –Spare capacity/resources allocated to best use –Manage tradeoffs between quality & quantity –Adaptive bearer services adaptive: extensive compression for voice and video streams when transmission capacity has been reduced –Incrementally take advantage of new resources as they become available Interoperable Communications Infrastructures –Communicating parties negotiate how to interoperate dynamically –Discover each other’s capabilities, find lowest common dominator in protocols & data representations –Automated xlation of languages/terminology among communicating parties

Research Issues Heterogeneous Wireless Infrastructures –Integrate diverse wireless access (WLAN, cellular, sat nets) into single transparent communications system –Software radios enable harvesting/organizing spectrum resources for on- demand communications when and where needed Spectrum embargoed from commercial services to support public safety needs New waveform (UWB) dynamically superimposed on available spectrum Ad-hoc Wireless Infrastructures –Unattended sensors distributed through area affected by the event –Rapidly converging ad-hoc routing over very large number of nodes –No need for a centralized infrastructure –Completely disconnected, sometimes connected, usually connected, and always connected communications infrastructure models Dynamic Resource Allocation –More efficient, effective allocations of spectrum, time slots, bandwidth, processor cycles, storage –Economics-based price-discriminated methods (congestion-pricing, auctions) to prioritize allocations Across multiple mistrusting resource providers and users