1. Dynamic Spectrum Access/Management Models Exclusive-Use Model Shared-Use Model

2. 2 Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) Dynamic spectrum access allows different wireless users and different types of services to utilize radio spectrum Spectrum Access Model Command and control Exclusive-use Shared-use of primary licensed spectrum Commons-use Long-term exclusive-use Dynamic exclusive-use Spectrum underlay Spectrum overlay

3. 3 Exclusive-Use Model Exclusively owned and used by single owner Long-term exclusive-use  E.g., cellular service licenses  Wireless technology can change (GSM, CDMA, OFDMA)  Owner and duration of license do not change Dynamic exclusive-use (micro-licenses)  Non-real-time secondary market  Multi-operator sharing homogeneous bands - dynamically change spatio-temporal allocation along with the amount of spectrum among multiple operators - different technology can be used  Multi-operator sharing heterogeneous services

4. 4 Frequency Power Transmission of licensed user Transmission of unlicensed user Transmission of unlicensed user Frequency Power Transmission of licensed user Shared-Use of Primary Licensed Spectrum Model

5. 5 Spectrum Underlay Spectrum underlay approach constraints the transmission power of secondary users so that they operate below the interference temperature limit of primary users. One possible approach is to transmit the signals in a very wide frequency band (e.g., UWB communications) so that high data rate is achieved with extremely low transmission power. It is based on the worst-case assumption that primary users transmit all the time; hence does not exploit spectrum white space.

6. 6 Spectrum Overlay Spectrum overlay approach does not necessarily impose any severe restriction on the transmission power by secondary users – allows secondary users to identify and exploit the spectrum holes defined in space, time, and frequency (Opportunistic Spectrum Access). Compatible with the existing spectrum allocation – legacy systems can continue to operate without being affected by the secondary users. Regulatory policies define basic etiquettes for secondary users to ensure compatibility with legacy systems.

7. 7 Hybrid of Spectrum Overlay and Spectrum Underlay

8. Spectrum Access/Management Architecture Cooperative and Non-cooperative Spectrum Access Centralized and Distributed Spectrum Management

9. 9 Spectrum Management Issues How to share among secondary users (MAC issue) Local optimization (decision is taken in a non- cooperative way - distributed) Global optimization (cooperative decision – centralized or distributed) How to communicate spectrum access decisions among cognitive radio transmitters and receivers

10. 10 DSA Architecture Spectrum Access Architecture Cooperative Non-Cooperative (Local) DistributedCentralized

11. 11 Non-cooperative Spectrum Access Each cognitive node is responsible for its own decision. Minimal communication requirements (hence less overhead), but spectrum utilization may be poor.

12. 12 Cooperative/Centralized DSA A centralized server maintains a database of spectrum availability and access information (based on information received from secondary users, e.g., through a dedicated control channel). Spectrum management is simpler and coordinated and enables efficient spectrum sharing.

13. 13 Cooperative/Centralized DSA Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Radio access network manager 1 Centralized spectrum broker Radio access network manager 2 Radio access network manager 3

14. 14 Cooperative/Distributed DSA Cooperative/distributed strategy relies on cooperative local actions throughout the network (to achieve a performance close to the global optimal performance). May suffer due to hidden node problem and large control overheads In both centralized and distributed strategies, the primary user may or may not cooperate.

15. 15 Cooperative/Distributed DSA Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Radio access network manager 1 Radio access network manager 2 Radio access network manager 3 Negotiation protocol

16. 16 Spectrum Access/Management Challenges Unavailability of any fixed common control channel (availability changes depending on the spectrum access by primary users) Local optimization strategies (e.g., learning-based algorithms) Spectrum pricing models for DSA