Latin America: Independence to WWI MODERN ERA: 1750 - 1914 Latin America: Independence to WWI

GENERALIZED EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Increased Population Increased Urbanization Increased migration, immigration Increased wealth Spread of wealth to middle class New consumerism New roles for women, poor, minorities Change in child rearing, childhood Rise of a technical, managerial class Invention of leisure time, common culture Increasing demand for social reform, worker rights Increased life span, living standard; decreased death rate Emancipation of slaves, serfs

INDEPENDENCE IN LATIN AMERICA Latin American society rigidly hierarchical Social classes: peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, slaves, indigenous peoples Creoles sought to displace the peninsulares but retain their privileged position Mestizos form the largest part of population, wanted rights

INDEPENDENCE IN LATIN AMERICA Mexican independence Napoleon's invasion of Spain in 1807 weakened royal control of colonies 1810: peasant revolt in Mexico led by Hidalgo, defeated by conservative creoles 1821: Mexico briefly a military dictatorship, then in 1822 a republic

INDEPENDENCE IN LATIN AMERICA Southern Viceroyalty of New Spain split into several independent states in 1830s Simon Bolivar to 1822 Led independence movement in South America Inspired by George Washington, took arms against Spanish rule in 1811 Creole forces overcame Spanish armies throughout South America, 1824 Bolivar's effort of creating the Gran Colombia failed in 1830s Jose de San Martin to 1825 Led independence movements in Bolivia, Argentina, Chile United efforts with Bolivar Brazilian independence Portuguese royal court fled to Rio de Janeiro, 1807 Brazil declared a separate kingdom during exile The king's son, Pedro, agreed to Brazilian independence, 1821 Became Emperor Pedro I in the independent Brazil (reigned 1822-1834)

Gran Columbia

INDEPENDENCE IN LATIN AMERICA Creole dominance in Latin America Independence brought little social change in Latin America Principal beneficiaries were creole elites Creole elite merged with peninsulares to rule Latin America Mestizos acquired some benefits, Indians/blacks marginalized Caribbean remained largely under European control

THE NEW AMERICAN MAP

WHAT TO DO AFTER INDEPENDENCE? Old Problems confront new realities Leaders came from Enlightenment: spoke of equality, freedom, BUT: No allowance for freedom of religion Slavery ended but not exploitation of poor, Indians Equality was too threatening to elite Democracy uncommon, rich men voted Old color distinctions did not disappear rapidly, easily, or at all Political fragmentation

WHAT TO DO AFTER INDEPENDENCE? Political instability after independence Creole leaders ruled but had little experience with self-government White minority dominated politics Peasant majority was without power Political instability aggravated by division among elites Constant argument between centralizing and federalizing pressures Conflicts between farmers, ranchers, indigenous peoples common Intense fighting in Argentina, Chile; modern weapons against native peoples Colonists had pacified most productive land by 1870s Caudillos, Caudillism, Politics and the Church Military leaders who held power after revolutionary era Used military to seize power, stay in control; interested only in power for own sake Opposed liberalizing effects; often made alliances with aristocratic elites, land owners Ruled through the church and opposed an secularization, reform of society

WHAT TO DO AFTER INDEPENDENCE? Mexico: war and reform from 1821-1911 Shifted from monarchy to republic to caudillo rule La Reforma: liberal movement in 1850s led by President Benito Juarez Granted universal male suffrage; limited power of priests and military Reforms strongly opposed by landowning elites

LATIN AMERICAN DEPENDENCE Colonial legacy Prevented industrialization Spain, Portugal never encouraged industries Limited success at industrialization 1820 – 1850: Economic Stagnation Wars of independence had disrupted economy Most wealth tied to land, agriculture Export of primary, unfinished goods especially guano, coffee, hides Too many unsolved social problems retarded industrialization

LATIN AMERICAN DEPENDENCE Economic growth part of 2nd Industrial Revolution Change grew out of liberalizing effects, reforms in late century Entrepreneurs, intellectuals, landowners brought in foreign investments Facilitated by new technologies (railroads, steamships) Great Boom driven by exports Demand for rubber, copper, tin, silver, beef, bananas, oil, coffee, cocoa Capital intensive development of primary product exports Trade increased by almost 50% from 1870 – 1880 British initially preeminent; Germany and US increasingly rivals for area Mexico, Brazil, Argentina Society, infrastructure transformed by this Great Boom But wealth often in hands of foreigners, upper elite Growth was often at the expense of local interests, poor, minorities Liberal idealism often sold out to wealth of elite, profit

MEXICO IN MODERN ERA: INSTABILITY AND FOREIGN INTERVENTION Mexican Republic under Santa Anna Until his death dominated Mexico Saw himself as a Latin Napoleon Constantly in debt to foreigners Revolt of Texas led to conflict with US Mexican American War 1846 – 1848 Mexico lost 1/3 of its territory Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo US expanded to Pacific and annexed Texas

MEXICO IN MODERN ERA: INSTABILITY AND FOREIGN INTERVENTION The French Intervention Benito Juarez Liberal Indian President of Mexico He started a liberal revolt La Reforma which was powerful Conservatives turned to French for support French troops land French install an Austrian emperor on throne Backed emperor with French troops, French money US demanded French withdrawal in 1867 Supply insurgents with arms; Juaristas win Diaz Era Dictatorship to 1910 Encouraged foreign investors Built rails, telegraphs; developed mines, plantations Country largely became property of American businesses Mexican oligarchy and foreign investors got wealthy Average Mexican standard of living declined; Indians exploited

BRAZIL: EMPIRE TO REPUBLIC

BRAZIL Social and Gender Cultural Technology 1750: Plantation casted society with minority whites, majority black population: slaves, poor rural Slave Trade, Slavery abolished in 1888 by decree of Princess Regent 1888: Society with whites, blacks, mixed populations; remained casted Society dominated by the landed, generally white elite; poor rural blacks were landless proletariat Middle class began to grow in cities with rise of industry, export; workers were Italian, immigrant Cultural Ruling population thoroughly Europeanized; blacks retained many African traditions Catholicism is the only unifying force and it is a syncretic blend; many traditional African beliefs Technology Railroads, steamboats, paddlewheelers opened up interior, united Brazil Development of some industries related to export, trade; Sao Paolo rises as the industrial center Environment and Demography Sugar economy gave way to coffee, cocoa plantations Mining increased, gold rush to Minas Gerais; rubber boom in Amazon led to mass immigration Massive European immigration (laborers) especially Italians

LATIN AMERICAN SOCIETY Latin American societies Organized by ethnicity and color, legacy of colonialism European descendants dominate all aspects of state, economic, social life Europeanization of all aspects, classes, activities of society Bipolar society Male vs. Female Elite vs. Masses White vs. Colored Urban vs. rural Castes Legally abolished by revolutions but de jure is not de facto Stigma of color and former status prevented much change Liberal reforms, Positivism often sacrificed legal rights, color for economic wealth, profit Large-scale migration in nineteenth century brought cultural diversity Small number of Chinese in Cuba assimilated through intermarriage East Indians in Trinidad, Tobago preserved cultural traditions European migrants made Buenos Aires "the Paris of the Americas“ Most cultural diverse society was Brazil with Europeans, Blacks, Indians, mixed

LATIN AMERICAN SOCIETY Male domination Central feature of Latin American society in nineteenth century Machismo: culture of male strength, aggression Women’s Rights Women barred legally from any influence; remained under nearest male’s influence No significant women's movement Aristocratic women more constrained than lower classes Poor women worked, often controlled local markets Efforts to improve education girls increased opportunities for women (as teachers)