1. Do Now: Analyzing a Quote
“I was born a slave, but nature gave me the soul of a free man.” 1). What does this quotation mean? Who would have likely said this? 2). What is the relationship between this quotation and the Enlightenment? The French Revolution?

2. Consolidation of Latin America
Chapter 25
Consolidation of Latin America

3. From Colonies to Nations
Class divisions
-Peninsulares (High political office)
-Creoles (Officers in military)
-Mestizos
-Mulattos
-Indians
Resent gov’t
-Taxation
Causes:
American, French, and Haitian Revolutions
Crisis of rule & legitimacy in Spain

4. Haitian Revolution Saint Domingue
-1791: Haitian slaves revolt against masters
-Toussaint L’Ouverture emerges as leader
-Former slave that led island to freedom
-1802: French troops arrive
-1804: Jean-Jacques Dessalines declared colony independent
Creole elites viewed with horror; slaves saw as symbol of freedom and hope

5. Spanish American Independence
Napoleonic wars trigger revolutions
-Creoles key leaders
northern South America
-Simon Bolivar: Led series of wars to free Venezuela and surrounding areas
-Gran Colombia (until 1830)
southern South America
-Jose de San Martin: Led revolt in Argentina for autonomy
New states emerge
-Independent republics w/ representative governments

6. Brazilian Independence
Achieved freedom differently
-Growing economy strengthens middle-class
-Napoleonic wars→royals fled to Brazil (1807)
-Rule from Rio de Janeiro (Seat of empire)
After Napoleon’s defeat royalty leaves; Prince Dom Pedro remains
1822: Short war for independence → did not upset existing social order
-Remains monarchy

8. New Nations Confront Problems
Political & class conflict undermined egalitarian ideals
-Retain Catholicism vs. religious freedom
-Distrust between classes
-Slavery abolished except in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Brazil (Economic necessity)
-Racial distinctions slow to disappear
Failure to consolidate
-Geographic barriers, economic competition, regional & political rivalries, poor infrastructure

9. Caudillos, Politics, & the Church
Caudillos: Independent leaders who dominate local areas and seize power
-Armies loyal to regional commanders
Political tensions
-Federalists/liberals: Decentralized rep, secular gov’t; tax/commercial policies set by regional govt’s
-Centralists/conservatives: Centralized rep w/ heavy church influence, individual groups led by urban bourgeoisie

10. Latin American Economies
Monroe Doctrine: Any European attempt to colonize Americas considered unfriendly act by U.S.
-Economically stagnant
-Expansion of European economy increases demand for Latin American products
-Coffee, beef, minerals, and guano
-Infrastructure improved
-Latin American cities grew
-Export economy grew
-Increasingly dependent on foreign investors

11. Argentina & Brazil Argentina Liberals gain control in 1820s
-Reform education, finance, agriculture, and immigration
-Rosas, a caudillo, seized control
-Focus on gauchos & urban poor (Buenos Aires)
-Defeated in 1852; liberals return to power
Brazil
-Monarchy (Support eventually weakens)
-Coffee transforms economy (fazendas-coffee estates); intensifies slavery
-Foreign investment and increased immigration (Italy)

12. Cultural Expression
Elite art heavily influenced by Europe
-Triumphs of independence, nationality, and local customs captured in paintings
-Popular culture largely unaffected

13. Old Patterns of Gender & Class
Little changed in hierarchical, export-based society
Women subordinate in patriarchal culture
-Actively participated in revolution
-Made some gains (education)
-Still expected to fulfill traditional roles
Racial divisions strong despite outlawing
-Creoles dominated gov’t (merging with middle-class)
Immigration and rapid urbanization