Human/Environment Interaction This theme includes: Demography & Disease Demography is the statistical study of human populations Migrations Patterns of Settlement Technology

Paleolithic Era: Demography Population growth during the Paleolithic Era was relatively stagnant

Paleolithic Era: Migration

Paleolithic Era: Patterns of Settlement Hunter-Gatherers (Foragers) Men hunt and/or fish; women gather fruits Follow migratory patterns of animals Need large portions of land to support themselves Life expectancy was 20 years or less Lived in groups of 20-30 people

Paleolithic Era: Technology

Neolithic Era: Technology Agriculture (10,000 BCE) Caused by climate change? Slash & Burn Domestication of Animals Technology related to agriculture Irrigation, canals, etc. Bronze metallurgy People need nature & nature needs people

Neolithic Era: Demography Effects of agriculture Increase in population Rise of disease Decline of life expectancy Environmental degradation Increase in pollution Increase in deforestation Increase in desertification Intensive agriculture caused human population to jump from 5-8 million to 60 to 70 million in 5,000 years

New Patterns of Settlement Small village communities Pastoral societies Nomadic herders Rise of civilizations Mesopotamia (3500 BCE) Egypt (3000 BCE) Indus River (2500 BCE) China (2000 BCE) Olmec (1400 BCE) Chavin (900 BCE)

Human Migration: Indo-Europeans Aryans

Human Migration: Polynesians Bananas!

Human Migration: Bantu

New Technology: Iron Iron use begins 1500 BCE Effects of Iron Population growth Expansion of agriculture Growth of cities Expansion of civilization

Patterns of Settlement: Classical Era

Classical Demography Spread of epidemic disease Smallpox, Justinian plague, etc. Population decreases dramatically Europe falls 50% between 200-600 CE Asia’s population falls from 170 to 135 million between 0-600 CE Contributes to the decline of classical empires

Post-Classical Migration Camels!

Post-Classical Demography Population grows after 800 CE Technology Europe: moldboard plow and three-field system China: Champa rice & terrace farming Africa: Iron plow Aztecs: Chinampas Spread of crops Rice, cotton, sugarcane, citrus fruits, etc. End of a mini-Ice Age?

Post-Classical Demography Urbanization Hangzhou—1 million ppl. Paris—275,000 people Italian cities Tenochtitlan Bubonic Plague China’s population fell 50% from 1200-1400 Europe’s population fell 33%-50% Population took only 100 years to rebound

Spread of Civilization

Spread of Civilization

Demography 1450-1750: Americas Discovery of the Americas Decreased indigenous American population by as much as 90% Replaced by two waves of migration African slave trade European colonization

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Columbian Exchange

Demography 1450-1750: China China’s population tripled from 1650-1750 Improved farming techniques Introduction of American crops (potatoes and corn) End of nomadic invasions

Demography 1450-1750: Europe Urbanization Agricultural Revolution Netherlands became 1st country with 50% urban population London—50,000 in 1600; 400,000 by 1650 Paris—200,000 in 1350; 500,000 by 1700 Agricultural Revolution Crop rotation and enclosures American crops (corn and potatoes) Population in every area of Europe increased by 50-100% in the 18th century

Industrial Revolution & Resources Cotton Cotton Cotton Palm Oil Rubber Rubber Rubber Gold & Diamonds Gold Meat

Demography 1750-1914: Global

Demography 1750-1914: Europe Tremendous population growth Improvements in food supply Application of science & technology Improved seeds, fertilizer, & livestock Refrigeration Industrial transportation eliminates famine Steamboat Creates a greater need for new energy sources Coal, electricity, gas, & petroleum Year Population in Millions % of World Population 1750 141 19.3 1850 292 25.0 1900 482 30.0

Demography 1750-1914: Europe Demographic transition Rapid urbanization High to low mortality High to low fertility Rapid urbanization Suburbanization Decline in urban mortality Urban sanitation Germ theory of disease

European Migration from 1750 40 million Europeans emigrated to the two Americas, Australia, Asiatic Australia, South Africa, and other areas

African Slave Trade after 1750 Nearly two million Africans were shipped to the Americas between 1750 & 1870

Demography 1750-1914: Asia Japanese population growth increased dramatically after 1850 Provides labor for industrialization & helps promote imperialism Asia’s population nearly doubled China’s population went from 220 million to 435 million India’s population went from 165 million to 290 million

Asian labor migration after 1750 Japan: Over 500,000 to the Americas and Pacific China: Over 8 million emigrated to Southeast Asia (Thailand-1.5 million & Indonesia-2.8 million) and the Americas India: Over 1 million emigrated as indentured servants to South Africa & Caribbean U.S. limits immigration with Chinese Exclusion Act & Gentlemen’s Agreement

Population Explosion of 20th Century Why? Introduction of new food crops (Columbian Exchange), colonialism ended local warfare, railroads cut down on famine, improved hygiene & medicine, resistance to birth control, declining infant mortality rates

Causes of Population Growth Public Health Measures Attacks on disease carrying insects Widespread vaccinations Polio Vaccine Information campaigns Programs to control sewage and other contaminants International agencies focused on health care More dependable food supplies New farming methods

Polio Vaccine

Diseases Associated with Poverty: Malaria

New Epidemic Diseases: AIDS

Diseases Associated with Old Age Predicted Alzheimer's cases 2005-2050

Diseases Associated with Changing Lifestyles

Impacts of Population Growth Improved Agriculture Green Revolution Peasants Uprisings China, Mexico, etc. Pressure Third World governments Urbanization Parasitic cities Urban pollution Immigration East Asian emigration continued Middle East & Africans emigrated to Western Europe & the U.S. Immigrants face prejudice

Limiting Population Growth Many countries advocated birth control & legalized abortion 85% of countries backed family planning China adopted a two-child policy in 1977 Eventually became a one-child policy in 1979 Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi proposed involuntary sterilization Return of plague epidemics AIDS virus

New Scientific Discoveries Einstein’s Theory of Relativity Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle Quantum mechanics Behavior of matter & energy at the atomic level Big Bang Theory Psychology Sigmund Freud Karl Jung