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AP World History Review: Human/Environment Interaction
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Human/Environment Interaction
This theme includes: Demography & Disease Demography is the statistical study of human populations Migrations Patterns of Settlement Technology
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8000 B.C.E. – 600 B.C.E. Big Geography and peopling of the earth
Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies
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Paleolithic Era: Demography
Population growth during the Paleolithic Era was relatively stagnant
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Paleolithic Era: Migration
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Paleolithic Era: Patterns of Settlement
Hunter-Gatherers (Foragers) Men hunt and/or fish; women gather fruits Follow migratory patterns of animals Need large portions of land to support themselves Life expectancy was 20 years or less Lived in groups of people
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Paleolithic Era: Technology
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Adapt technology and cultures to new climate regions
Humans use fire in new ways Aid hunting and foraging Protect against predators Adapt to cold environments Developed wider range of tools specially adapted to different environments
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Neolithic Era: Technology
Agriculture (10,000 BCE) Caused by climate change? Slash & Burn Domestication of Animals Technology related to agriculture Irrigation, canals, etc. Bronze metallurgy People need nature & nature needs people
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Transition Effects Created a more reliable but not necessarily more diversified food supply Massive environmental impact Intense cultivation of selected plants to the exclusion of others Pastoralism emerged Domesticated animals and led herds Patriarchy and forced labor systems developed Gave elite men concentrated power
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Neolithic Era: Demography
Effects of agriculture Increase in population Rise of disease Decline of life expectancy Environmental degradation Increase in pollution Increase in deforestation Increase in desertification Intensive agriculture caused human population to jump from 5-8 million to 60 to 70 million in 5,000 years
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New Patterns of Settlement
Small village communities Pastoral societies Nomadic herders Rise of civilizations Mesopotamia (3500 BCE) Egypt (3000 BCE) Indus River (2500 BCE) China (2000 BCE) Olmec (1400 BCE) Chavin (900 BCE)
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Human Migration: Indo-Europeans
Aryans
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Human Migration: Polynesians
Bananas!
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Human Migration: Bantu
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New Technology: Iron Iron use begins 1500 BCE Effects of Iron
Population growth Expansion of agriculture Growth of cities Expansion of civilization
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Classical Period 600 B.C.E. – 600 C.E.
Cities grow and serve as centers for trade Empires expand and use Imperialism and relocation to create more farm land Imperial societies employ methods to maintain food production Corvee Slavery Rents and tributes Peasant communities Family and household production
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Environmental Damage Through excessive mobilization of resources Imperial governments caused environmental damage Deforestation Desertification Soil Erosiaon Silted Rivers
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Patterns of Settlement: Classical Era
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Emergence of Trans-regional Networks
Volume of long distance trade increases dramatically Resulted from the demand for raw materials and luxury goods Land and water routes Exchange of people, technology, religious and cultural beliefs, food crops, domesticated animals, and disease pathogens developed alongside trade goods
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Trade Routes Eurasian Silk Roads Trans-Saharan caravan routes
Indian Ocean sea lanes Mediterranean sea lanes
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Technology Yokes Saddles Stirrups Qanant System Lateen sail Dhow ships
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Disease Spread of disease pathogens diminished urban populations and contributed to the decline of some empires Roman Empire Han Empire
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Classical Demography Spread of epidemic disease
Smallpox, Justinian plague, etc. Population decreases dramatically Europe falls 50% between CE Asia’s population falls from 170 to 135 million between CE Contributes to the decline of classical empires
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Post Classical 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. Afro-Eurasia and the Americas remained separate Deepening and widening of old a new networks of human interaction within and across regions Silk Roads Mediterranean Sea Trans-Saharan Indian Ocean Conduit for biological diffusion
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Technology Horse collar Caravanserai Camel Saddles Champa rice
Waru Waru agricultural techniques in the Andean areas Improved terracing techniques
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Post-Classical Migration
Camels!
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Post-Classical Demography
Population grows after 800 CE Technology Europe: moldboard plow and three-field system China: Champa rice & terrace farming Africa: Iron plow Aztecs: Chinampas Spread of crops Rice, cotton, sugarcane, citrus fruits, etc. End of a mini-Ice Age?
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Continued Diffusion of Crops and Pathogens
New foods and agricultural techniques were adopted in populated areas Bananas in Africa New Rice in East Asia Spread of cotton, sugar, and citrus throughout Dar al-Islam and the Mediterranean basin Spread of epidemic diseases Black death
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Increased Economic Productive Capacity and Its Consequences
Changes in trade networks resulted from and stimulated increasing productive capacity – important implications for social and gender structures and environmental processes Productivity rose in both agriculture and industry Supported population growth and urbanization
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Multiple factors led to the decline of urban areas
Disease Decline of agricultural productivity Little Ice Age Invasions
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Multiple factors contributed to urban revival
End of invasions Availability of safe and reliable transport Rise of commerce and warmer temperatures between Greater availability of labor
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Post-Classical Demography
Urbanization Hangzhou—1 million ppl. Paris—275,000 people Italian cities Tenochtitlan Bubonic Plague China’s population fell 50% from Europe’s population fell 33%-50% Population took only 100 years to rebound
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Spread of Civilization
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Spread of Civilization
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Global Interactions Interconnection of Eastern and Western hemispheres Transoceanic voyaging Global circulation of some commodities Formation of new regional markets Facilitated the migration of large numbers of people Germs carried to the Americas and ravaged indigenous people Global exchange of crops and animals altered agriculture, diets, and populations around the planet
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Technology Astrolabe Revised maps Caravels Navigational School
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Demography 1450-1750: Americas
Discovery of the Americas Decreased indigenous American population by as much as 90% Replaced by two waves of migration African slave trade European colonization
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European Colonization
Spread of diseases Small pox, measles, influenza Unintentional transfer of vermin Mosquitoes and rats
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Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
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Columbian Exchange
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Goods Exchanged American foods became staple crops in various parts of Europe Potatoes Maize Manioc Cash crops were grown primarily on plantations with coerced labor and were exported mainly to Europe and the Middle East Sugar Tobacco
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Goods Exchanged Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar, and domesticated animals were brought by Europeans to the Americas, while other foods were brought by African Slaves Horses Pigs Cattle Okra Rice
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Effects Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefited nutritionally from the increased diversity of American food crops European colonization and the introduction of European agriculture and settlements practices in the Americas often affected the physical environment Deforestation Soil Depletion Eradication of native species
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Demography 1450-1750: China China’s population tripled from 1650-1750
Improved farming techniques Introduction of American crops (potatoes and corn) End of nomadic invasions
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Demography 1450-1750: Europe Urbanization Agricultural Revolution
Netherlands became 1st country with 50% urban population London—50,000 in 1600; 400,000 by 1650 Paris—200,000 in 1350; 500,000 by 1700 Agricultural Revolution Crop rotation and enclosures American crops (corn and potatoes) Population in every area of Europe increased by % in the 18th century
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New Modes of Production
Changes in agricultural labor Peasant labor intensified Growth of plantations Chattle slavery, encomienda, hacienda, mit’a Surge in agricultural productivity New methods in crop and field rotation Introduction of new crops Demographic growth By 1700s population was restored in the americas
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Industrialization ad Global Integration 1750 - 1900
Need for raw materials Increased food supplies Growing populations
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Industrial Revolution & Resources
Cotton Cotton Cotton Palm Oil Rubber Rubber Rubber Gold & Diamonds Gold Meat
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Production and export of single natural resources
Cotton Rubber Palm Oil Sugar Wheat Meat Guano – fertilizer Metals and minerals
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Technological Developments
Railroads Steamships Telegraphs Canals
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Demography : Global
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Demography 1750-1900: Europe Tremendous population growth
Improvements in food supply Application of science & technology Improved seeds, fertilizer, & livestock Refrigeration Industrial transportation eliminates famine Steamboat Creates a greater need for new energy sources Coal, electricity, gas, & petroleum Year Population in Millions % of World Population 1750 141 19.3 1850 292 25.0 1900 482 30.0
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Demography 1750-1900: Europe Demographic transition Rapid urbanization
High to low mortality High to low fertility Rapid urbanization Suburbanization Decline in urban mortality Urban sanitation Germ theory of disease
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Migration Migration patterns changed dramatically
Number of migrants increased significantly Connected to the development of transoceanic empires Changes in food production and improved medical conditions contributed to a rise in populations
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European Migration from 1750
40 million Europeans emigrated to the two Americas, Australia, Asiatic Australia, South Africa, and other areas
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Reasons for Migration Many freely chose to relocate often in search of work Manual laborers Specialized professionals Global capitalist economy relied on coerced and semi-coerced labor migration Slavery Chinese and Indian indentured servitude Convict labor
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Temporary and seasonal migrants – return to home societies
Japanese agricultural workers in the Pacific Lebanese merchants in the Americas Italians in Argentina Physical nature of the labor in demand – migrants tended to be male leaving women to take on new roles in the home society
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African Slave Trade after 1750
Nearly two million Africans were shipped to the Americas between 1750 & 1870
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Demography : Asia Japanese population growth increased dramatically after 1850 Provides labor for industrialization & helps promote imperialism Asia’s population nearly doubled China’s population went from 220 million to 435 million India’s population went from 165 million to 290 million
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Asian labor migration after 1750
Japan: Over 500,000 to the Americas and Pacific China: Over 8 million emigrated to Southeast Asia (Thailand-1.5 million & Indonesia-2.8 million) and the Americas India: Over 1 million emigrated as indentured servants to South Africa & Caribbean U.S. limits immigration with Chinese Exclusion Act & Gentlemen’s Agreement
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Countries attempted to regulate the increased flow of people
Ethnic enclaves Chinese in Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, South America, and North America Indians in East and Southern Africa, the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia Countries attempted to regulate the increased flow of people Chinese Exclusion Act White Australia Policy
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Accelerating Global Change 1900 - Present
Rapid advances in science alters how humans interact with the environment and threaten delicate ecological balances at local, regional, and global levels World Wars Genocides Pandemics Green Revolution Negative growth rates
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Population Explosion of 20th Century
Why? Introduction of new food crops (Columbian Exchange), colonialism ended local warfare, railroads cut down on famine, improved hygiene & medicine, resistance to birth control, declining infant mortality rates
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Causes of Population Growth
Medical Innovations increase the ability of the human to survive Artificial Heart Public Health Measures Attacks on disease carrying insects Widespread vaccinations Polio Vaccine Information campaigns Programs to control sewage and other contaminants International agencies focused on health care
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Polio Vaccine
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Causes of Population Growth
More dependable food supplies New farming methods
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Diseases Associated with Poverty: Malaria
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New Epidemic Diseases: AIDS
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Diseases Associated with Old Age
Predicted Alzheimer's cases
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Diseases Associated with Changing Lifestyles
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Humans Change their relationship with the environment
Use of oil and nuclear power Exploitation of finite resources Global Warming Pollution Water and air Deforestation and desertification Rates of extinction of other species
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Impacts of Population Growth
Improved Agriculture Green Revolution Peasants Uprisings China, Mexico, etc. Pressure Third World governments Urbanization Parasitic cities Urban pollution Immigration East Asian emigration continued Middle East & Africans emigrated to Western Europe & the U.S. Immigrants face prejudice
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Resettlement of Populations
India/Pakistan Partition Zionist Jewish Settlement Division of Mandatory Middle Eastern States Independence movements throughout Africa Migration of former colonial subjects to Imperial cities South Asians to Britain Algerians to France Filipinos to the US
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Ethnic Violence Displacement of peoples and resulting refugee populations Armenia Holocaust Cambodia Rwanda Palestinians Darfurians
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Limiting Population Growth
Many countries advocated birth control & legalized abortion 85% of countries backed family planning China adopted a two-child policy in 1977 Eventually became a one-child policy in 1979 Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi proposed involuntary sterilization Return of plague epidemics AIDS virus
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Movements Groups throughout the world protest the inequality of environmental consequences Greenpeace Green Belt in Kenya Earth Day
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Humanitarian Organizations
UNICEF The Red Cross Amnesty International Doctors without Borders WHO
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New Scientific Discoveries
Einstein’s Theory of Relativity Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle Quantum mechanics Behavior of matter & energy at the atomic level Big Bang Theory Psychology Sigmund Freud Karl Jung
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