Transcription and Translation

Slides:

Advertisements

Similar presentations

Chapter 17~ From Gene to Protein

Advertisements

Expressing Genetic Information- a.k.a. Protein Synthesis

Overview Transcription Detail Another Transcription Animation.

Chapter 17 AP Biology From Gene to Protein.

From gene to protein. DNA:nucleotides are the monomers Proteins: amino acids are the monomers DNA:in the nucleus Proteins:synthesized in cytoplasm.

Protein Synthesis.

Genes and Protein Synthesis

Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein. Gene Expression The process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins 2 stages: transcription and translation Detailed.

RNA Ribonucleic Acid.

From Gene to Protein. Question? u How does DNA control a cell? u By controlling Protein Synthesis. u Proteins are the link between genotype and phenotype.

Central Dogma First described by Francis Crick

Chapter 17 Notes From Gene to Protein.

google. com/search

Chapter 17: From Gene to Protein

Protein Synthesis Transcription and Translation. The Central Dogma The information encoded with the DNA nucleotide sequence of a double helix is transferred.

RNA and Protein Synthesis

RNA Ribonucleic Acid. Structure of RNA  Single stranded  Ribose Sugar  5 carbon sugar  Phosphate group  Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine.

FROM DNA TO PROTEIN Transcription – Translation. I. Overview Although DNA and the genes on it are responsible for inheritance, the day to day operations.

Chapter 13. The Central Dogma of Biology: RNA Structure: 1. It is a nucleic acid. 2. It is made of monomers called nucleotides 3. There are two differences.

Transcription & Translation Chapter 17 (in brief) Biology – Campbell Reece.

Protein Synthesis The majority of genes are expressed as the proteins they encode. The process occurs in 2 steps: 1. Transcription (DNA---> RNA) 2. Translation.

Protein Synthesis Process that makes proteins

Transcription & Translation Transcription DNA is used to make a single strand of RNA that is complementary to the DNA base pairs. The enzyme used is.

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS The Blueprint of Life: From DNA to Protein.

Sections 3-4. Structure of RNA Made of nuleotides Three differences between DNA & RNA Sugar DNA = deoxyribose sugar RNA = ribose sugar RNA is single stranded.

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS The formation of new proteins using the code carried on DNA.

Protein Synthesis. Transcription DNA  mRNA Occurs in the nucleus Translation mRNA  tRNA  AA Occurs at the ribosome.

Protein Synthesis Unit 5. Protein Synthesis DNA  RNA  Proteins 4 Steps: 1)Transcription  information is DNA is copied to RNA (nucleic acid  nucleic.

RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Protein Synthesis Transcription and Translation. Protein Synthesis: Transcription Transcription is divided into 3 processes: –Initiation, Elongation and.

Protein Synthesis Chapter 17. Protein synthesis  DNA  Responsible for hereditary information  DNA divided into genes  Gene:  Sequence of nucleotides.

Protein Synthesis.

CHAPTER 13 RNA and Protein Synthesis. Differences between DNA and RNA  Sugar = Deoxyribose  Double stranded  Bases  Cytosine  Guanine  Adenine 

Ch Gene  Protein A gene is a sequence of nucleotides that code for a polypeptide (protein) Hundreds-thousands of genes are on a typical chromosome.

RNA, Transcription, and the Genetic Code. RNA = ribonucleic acid -Nucleic acid similar to DNA but with several differences DNARNA Number of strands21.

Protein Synthesis. RNA vs. DNA Both nucleic acids – Chains of nucleotides Different: – Sugar – Types of bases – Numbers of bases – Number of chains –

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS The formation of new proteins using the code carried on DNA.

Chapter 13 GENE FUNCTION. A. Comparison of DNA & RNA.

Protein Synthesis RNA, Transcription, and Translation.

Transcription and Translation

 James Watson and Francis Crick worked out the three-dimensional structure of DNA, based on work by Rosalind Franklin Figure 10.3A, B.

12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis Page 300. A. Introduction 1. Chromosomes are a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of.

Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein.

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: DNA is used as the blueprint to direct the production of certain proteins.

Protein Synthesis. One Gene – One Enzyme Protein Synthesis.

Transcription, RNA Processing, & Translation

FROM DNA TO PROTEIN Transcription – Translation

AP Biology Crosby High School

Protein synthesis DNA is the genetic code for all life. DNA literally holds the instructions that make all life possible. Even so, DNA does not directly.

Transcription, RNA Processing, & Translation

RNA and Protein Synthesis

Transcription and Translation

Chapter 15: RNA Ribonucleic Acid.

Molecular Biology DNA Expression

Forensic DNA Analysis Protein Synthesis.

Protein Synthesis.

From Gene to Protein Central Dogma of Biology: DNA  RNA  Protein

Chapter 13: Protein Synthesis

I can… Agenda Index Card Question HW Review Translation Notes

Chapter 17 – From Gene to Protein

RNA Ribonucleic Acid.

Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein.

Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein.

Protein Synthesis.

GENE EXPRESSION / PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Unit 7 Part 2 Notes: From Gene to Protein

Transcription & Translation

Chapter 14: Protein Synthesis

Chapter 15: RNA Ribonucleic Acid.

Presentation transcript:

Transcription and Translation

Transcription and Translation Gene- a section of DNA that codes for a protein. Genes have three parts: promoter, coding region, and termination site (stop codon). Transcription and translation both have three steps: initiation, elongation, and termination.

Transcription The process of making a mRNA strand from a DNA template using base pairing rules. Occurs in the nucleus. Initiation- RNA polymerase binds to the promoter. Elongation- RNA polymerase makes a copy of the coding region using base pairing rules. The bond that forms between adjacent RNA nucleotides is a phosphodiester bond. Termination- RNA polymerase makes mRNA until it reaches the termination site where it stops.

mRNA Processing G-capping: a methylated guanine is added to the 5’ end of the mRNA, this cap acts as a signal to allow the mRNA to exit the nucleus. Poly- A tail: A tail made of many adenines is added to the 3’ end of the mRNA. This tail protects the 3’ end of the mRNA from being degraded. Intron Removal: Introns are sections of the message that do not contain code for the desired protein. Exons are sections that do contain the code. Introns must be removed to translate the correct protein.

Translation The process of making a protein from a mRNA message. Uses (transfer) tRNA as a translator to convert the nucleic acid message into the amino acid sequence. Occurs in the cytoplasm. Initiation- The ribosome binds to the start codon (AUG) and begins translation. Elongation- The ribosome elongates the amino acid chain each time a tRNA base pairs a new anti-codon to the mRNA codons. The growing polypeptide is removed from the P site tRNA and attached to the amino acid in the A site tRNA. The bond that is formed between adjacent amino acids is a peptide bond. Termination- Once the ribosome reaches the stop codon (UAG, UAA, UGA) the ribosome terminates translation and the protein is released into the cytoplasm.

Marshall Nirenberg cracked the code that Francis Crick discovered in the central dogma. Nirenberg allowed us to de-code the nucleic acid to protein message and begin to understand the structure and function of genes and proteins. Nirenberg discovered 64 codons that code for 20 amino acids. This means that the genetic code is degenerate, meaning that some amino acids are coded for my multiple codons.

Practice- Transcription and Translation DNA TAC GGC TAC TCC CGC ATA GAT mRNA tRNA Protein DNA TAC AAT GTT CAG GGT CGA AAG

Mutations Substitution (point mutations)- the exchange of one base for another. CGT→ CAT Missense- codes for a different amino acid Nonsense- codes for a stop codon Silent- codes for the same amino acid using a different codon Wobble- Substitutions in the 1st codon position are the most dangerous. Because of a phenomena called wobble substitutions in the 2nd is less dangerous and in the third position is the least dangerous. This is a result of the degenerate genetic code. Frameshift- a mutation that results in a shift in the codon reading frame. Insertions- Addition of 1 of more nucleotides. Shifts the reading frame downstream Deletion- Deletion of one or more nucleotides. Shifts the reading frame upstream Large Scale Mutations- whole chunks of the chromosome can be inverted, duplicated, inserted, and deleted which usually has a drastic affect on the organism. This also can benefit the organism and drive human evolution as shown by the duplications of hemoglobin genes and by the fusion of chimp chromosome 2p and 2q into the human chromosome 2.

Practice- Identify the type of Mutation Wild type DNA TAC GGC TAC TCC CGC ATA GAT Mutant DNA TAC GGC GAC TCC CGC ATA GAT Mutant mRNA Mutant tRNA Mutant Protein Wild type DNA TAC AAT GTT CAG GGT CGA AAG Mutant DNA TAC AAT GTT CAG TGG TCG AAA

Links https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itsb2SqR-R0 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WsofH466lqk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zFVH9SqtJCM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YjWuVrzvZYA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bLEDd-PSTQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FN9JA-EpujE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qxXRKVompI8 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/dna/shockwave.html http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/M/Mutations.html http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/mutations_03 http://www.evolutionpages.com/chromosome_2.htm