9.1

LEARNING OBJECTIVES DESCRIBE COMPONENTS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMDESCRIBE COMPONENTS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM CALCULATE CAPACITY OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS CHANNELS & EVALUATE TRANSMISSION MEDIACALCULATE CAPACITY OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS CHANNELS & EVALUATE TRANSMISSION MEDIA COMPARE TYPES OF NETWORKS & NETWORK SERVICESCOMPARE TYPES OF NETWORKS & NETWORK SERVICES* 9.2

LEARNING OBJECTIVES DESCRIBE CONNECTIVITY NETWORK STANDARDSDESCRIBE CONNECTIVITY NETWORK STANDARDS IDENTIFY APPLICATIONS FOR SUPPORTING ELECTRONIC COMMERCE, BUSINESSIDENTIFY APPLICATIONS FOR SUPPORTING ELECTRONIC COMMERCE, BUSINESS ANALYZE MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS OF NETWORKINGANALYZE MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS OF NETWORKING* 9.3

MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES TELECOMMUNICATIONS REVOLUTIONTELECOMMUNICATIONS REVOLUTION COMPONENTS, FUNCTIONS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMCOMPONENTS, FUNCTIONS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKSCOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS ELECTRONIC COMMERCE, ELECTRONIC BUSINESS TECHNOLOGIESELECTRONIC COMMERCE, ELECTRONIC BUSINESS TECHNOLOGIES MANAGEMENT ISSUES, DECISIONSMANAGEMENT ISSUES, DECISIONS* 9.4

9.5 TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMMUNICATING INFORMATION VIA ELECTRONIC MEANS OVER SOME DISTANCE *

INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY NATIONAL / WORLDWIDE HIGH SPEED DIGITAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS ACCESSIBLE BY GENERAL PUBLIC * 9.6

SYSTEM COMPONENTS COMPUTERSCOMPUTERS TERMINALS (Input / Output Devices)TERMINALS (Input / Output Devices) COMMUNICATIONS CHANNELSCOMMUNICATIONS CHANNELS PROCESSORS (Modems; Multiplexers; Front-end Processors)PROCESSORS (Modems; Multiplexers; Front-end Processors) COMMUNICATIONS SOFTWARECOMMUNICATIONS SOFTWARE* 9.7

PROTOCOL RULES & PROCEDURES TO GOVERN TRANSMISSION BETWEEN COMPONENTS IN A NETWORK * 9.8

ANALOG SIGNAL CONTINUOUS WAVEFORMCONTINUOUS WAVEFORM PASSES THRU SYSTEMPASSES THRU SYSTEM VOICE COMMUNICATIONSVOICE COMMUNICATIONS* 9.9

DIGITAL SIGNAL DISCRETE WAVEFORMDISCRETE WAVEFORM TWO DISCRETE STATES:TWO DISCRETE STATES: –1-BIT & 0-BIT –ON / OFF PULSE DATA COMMUNICATIONDATA COMMUNICATION USES MODEM TO TRANSLATE ANALOG TO DIGITAL, DIGITAL TO ANALOGUSES MODEM TO TRANSLATE ANALOG TO DIGITAL, DIGITAL TO ANALOG*

COMMUNICATION CHANNELS MEANS BY WHICH DATA ARE TRANSMITTED: TWISTED WIRES (Copper Wires)TWISTED WIRES (Copper Wires) COAXIAL CABLE: (Insulated Copper Wires)COAXIAL CABLE: (Insulated Copper Wires) FIBER-OPTIC CABLEFIBER-OPTIC CABLE MICROWAVEMICROWAVE* 9.11

SUPER CLEAR GLASS STRANDSSUPER CLEAR GLASS STRANDS FAST, LIGHT, DURABLEFAST, LIGHT, DURABLE UP TO TEN BILLION BITS PER SECOND, FULL DUPLEXUP TO TEN BILLION BITS PER SECOND, FULL DUPLEX EXPENSIVE, HARDER TO INSTALLEXPENSIVE, HARDER TO INSTALL OFTEN USED AS BACKBONE OF NETWORKSOFTEN USED AS BACKBONE OF NETWORKS* FIBER OPTICS SIGNALLASERCABLEPHOTODETECTORSIGNAL 9.12

LOW-ORBIT SATELLITE UPLINK MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION DOWNLINK 9.13

WIRELESS TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGIES PAGING SYSTEM: Small page beeps when receives short messagePAGING SYSTEM: Small page beeps when receives short message CELLULAR TELEPHONE: Device uses radio waves to reach antennas within areas called cellsCELLULAR TELEPHONE: Device uses radio waves to reach antennas within areas called cells MOBILE DATA NETWORKS: Radio - based data network using hand-held computers. cheap, efficientMOBILE DATA NETWORKS: Radio - based data network using hand-held computers. cheap, efficient* 9.14

WIRELESS TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGIES PERSONAL COMMUNICATION SERVICE: Cellular; lower power; higher frequency. Smaller phones not shielded by buildings, tunnelsPERSONAL COMMUNICATION SERVICE: Cellular; lower power; higher frequency. Smaller phones not shielded by buildings, tunnels PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANT: Pen sized, hand-held, digital communicatorPERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANT: Pen sized, hand-held, digital communicator SMART PHONE: Wireless, voice, text, InternetSMART PHONE: Wireless, voice, text, Internet* 9.15

COMMUNICATIONS CHANNELS TRANSMISSION SPEED: Bits per Second (BPS) or BaudTRANSMISSION SPEED: Bits per Second (BPS) or Baud BANDWIDTH: Capacity of Channel; Difference between Highest & Lowest FrequenciesBANDWIDTH: Capacity of Channel; Difference between Highest & Lowest Frequencies* 9.16

MEDIUM MEDIUM SPEED SPEED COST COST TWISTED WIRE TWISTED WIRE 300 BPS - 10 MBPS 300 BPS - 10 MBPSLOW MICROWAVE MICROWAVE 256 KBPS MBPS 256 KBPS MBPS SATELLITE SATELLITE 256 KBPS MBPS 256 KBPS MBPS COAXIAL CABLE COAXIAL CABLE 56 KBPS MBPS 56 KBPS MBPS FIBER OPTICS FIBER OPTICS 500 KBPS - 10 GBPS 500 KBPS - 10 GBPSHIGH BPS: BITS PER SECOND BPS: BITS PER SECOND KBPS: KILOBITS PER SECOND KBPS: KILOBITS PER SECOND MBPS: MEGABITS PER SECOND MBPS: MEGABITS PER SECOND GBPS: GIGABITS PER SECOND GBPS: GIGABITS PER SECOND SPEEDS & COST OF MEDIA 9.17

COMMUNICATIONS PROCESSORS FRONT- END PROCESSOR: minicomputer manages communication for host computerFRONT- END PROCESSOR: minicomputer manages communication for host computer CONCENTRATOR: computer collects messages for batch transmission to host computerCONCENTRATOR: computer collects messages for batch transmission to host computer CONTROLLER: computer controls interface between CPU and peripheral devicesCONTROLLER: computer controls interface between CPU and peripheral devices MULTIPLEXER: allows channel to carry multiple sources simultaneouslyMULTIPLEXER: allows channel to carry multiple sources simultaneously* 9.18

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES HOST HOST USER USER STAR 9.19

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES BUS USER USER 9.20

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES USER USER RING 9.21

LOCAL NETWORKS PRIVATE BRANCH EXCHANGE (PBX): firm’s central switching systemPRIVATE BRANCH EXCHANGE (PBX): firm’s central switching system LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN): dedicated channels; limited distance (less than 2000 foot radius); higher capacity than PBX. Can share expensive hardware & softwareLOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN): dedicated channels; limited distance (less than 2000 foot radius); higher capacity than PBX. Can share expensive hardware & software* 9.22

LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN) SERVER: stores programs, data; determines access to networkSERVER: stores programs, data; determines access to network GATEWAY: connection to other networksGATEWAY: connection to other networks NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM (NOS): manages file server; routes communications on networkNETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM (NOS): manages file server; routes communications on network PEER - TO - PEER: in some small networks all computers have equal powerPEER - TO - PEER: in some small networks all computers have equal power* 9.23

NETWORK SPANS LARGE GEOGRAPHIC DISTANCES CAN INCLUDE CABLE, SATELLITE, MICROWAVE SWITCHED LINES: Route Determined by Current TrafficSWITCHED LINES: Route Determined by Current Traffic DEDICATED LINES: Constantly Available for High-Volume TrafficDEDICATED LINES: Constantly Available for High-Volume Traffic* WIDE - AREA NETWORK (WAN) 9.24

VALUE-ADDED NETWORK (VAN) PRIVATE; MULTIPATH; DATA ONLYPRIVATE; MULTIPATH; DATA ONLY 3rd PARTY MANAGED3rd PARTY MANAGED USED BY SEVERAL ORGANIZATIONSUSED BY SEVERAL ORGANIZATIONS SUBSCRIPTION BASISSUBSCRIPTION BASIS* 9.25

NETWORK SERVICES PACKET SWITCHINGPACKET SWITCHING FRAME RELAYFRAME RELAY ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE (ATM)ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE (ATM) INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORKINTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINEDIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE CABLE MODEMCABLE MODEM T1 LINET1 LINE* 9.26

PACKET SWITCHING (X.25): FORM OF Value Added NetworkFORM OF Value Added Network BREAKS DATA BLOCKS INTO SMALL PACKETS (e.g.: 128 Bytes)BREAKS DATA BLOCKS INTO SMALL PACKETS (e.g.: 128 Bytes) PACKETS ROUTED BY MOST ECONOMICAL MEANSPACKETS ROUTED BY MOST ECONOMICAL MEANS REASSEMBLED AT DESTINATIONREASSEMBLED AT DESTINATION* 9.27

ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE (ATM): CELL: 53 Groups of 8 Bytes EachCELL: 53 Groups of 8 Bytes Each USES FIBER OPTICS CABLEUSES FIBER OPTICS CABLE INDEPENDENT OF VENDOR HARDWARE SPEEDSINDEPENDENT OF VENDOR HARDWARE SPEEDS CAN TIE LAN TO WANCAN TIE LAN TO WAN* 9.28

INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN): INTERNATIONAL STANDARD FOR TRANSMITTING VOICE, VIDEO, DATA OVER PUBLIC TELEPHONE LINES * 9.29

OTHER SERVICES: DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (DSL): enhancing capacity over copper telephone linesDIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (DSL): enhancing capacity over copper telephone lines CABLE MODEM: modem for cable TV for high-speed access to InternetCABLE MODEM: modem for cable TV for high-speed access to Internet T1 LINE: dedicated telephone connection, megabits per secondT1 LINE: dedicated telephone connection, megabits per second* 9.30

HARDWARE; SOFTWARE; TELECOMMUNICATIONS, DATA RESOURCESHARDWARE; SOFTWARE; TELECOMMUNICATIONS, DATA RESOURCES MORE COMPUTING POWER ON THE DESKTOPMORE COMPUTING POWER ON THE DESKTOP NETWORK LINKING SMALLER NETWORKSNETWORK LINKING SMALLER NETWORKS* ENTERPRISE NETWORK 9.31

INTERNETWORKING LINK NETWORKS EACH RETAINS IDENTITY INTO INTERCONNECTED NETWORK * 9.32 NETWORK A NETWORK B NETWORK C

CONNECTIVITY MEASURE OF ABILITY OF COMPUTING DEVICES TO PASS & SHARE INFORMATION WITHOUT HUMAN INTERVENTION MEASURE OF ABILITY OF COMPUTING DEVICES TO PASS & SHARE INFORMATION WITHOUT HUMAN INTERVENTION OPEN SYSTEMS: Software Able to Function on Different Computer Platforms. Nonproprietary Operating Systems, Applications, Protocols OPEN SYSTEMS: Software Able to Function on Different Computer Platforms. Nonproprietary Operating Systems, Applications, Protocols* 9.33

TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL / INTERNET PROTOCOL (TCP / IP) REFERENCE MODEL DEVELOPED BY DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE IN APPLICATION: Provides Screen Presentations 2. TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL (TCP): Breaks Data into Datagrams 3. INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP): Breaks, Sends Datagrams as Smaller IP Packets; Can Repeat Transmission to Increase Reliability * 9.34

4. NETWORK INTERFACE: Handles Addressing and Interface Between Computer & Network 5. PHYSICAL NET: Defines Electrical Transmission Characteristics for Sending Signal Along Networks to Destination * 9.35 TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL / INTERNET PROTOCOL (TCP / IP)

OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECT (OSI) INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE MODEL FOR LINKING DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMPUTERS & NETWORKS * 9.36

FACILITATING APPLICATIONS ELECTRONIC MAIL ( )ELECTRONIC MAIL ( ) VOICE MAILVOICE MAIL FACSIMILE MACHINES (fax)FACSIMILE MACHINES (fax) TELECONFERENCINGTELECONFERENCING DATACONFERENCINGDATACONFERENCING VIDEOCONFERENCINGVIDEOCONFERENCING GROUPWAREGROUPWARE* 9.37

PROVIDER PROVIDER TYPE OF SERVICE TYPE OF SERVICE AMERICA ONLINE GENERAL INTEREST / BUSINESS INFORMATION COMPUSERVE GENERAL INTEREST / BUSINESS INFORMATION PRODIGY GENERAL INTEREST / BUSINESS INFORMATION DOW JONES NEWS RETRIEVAL BUSINESS / FINANCIAL INFORMATION QUOTRON FINANCIAL INFORMATION DIALOG BUSINESS / SCIENTIFIC / TECHNICAL INFORMATION LEXIS LEGAL RESEARCH NEXIS NEWS / BUSINESS INFORMATION DIGITAL INFORMATION SERVICES 9.38

ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE (EDI) COMPUTER - TO - COMPUTER EXCHANGE BETWEEN TWO ORGANIZATIONS OF STANDARD BUSINESS TRANSACTION DOCUMENTS * COMPUTER SELLERCUSTOMER ORDERS, PAYMENTS SHIPPING NOTICES, PRICE UPDATES, INVOICES 9.39

PROBLEMS POSED BY ENTERPRISE NETWORKING CONNECTIVITYCONNECTIVITY LOSS OF MANAGEMENT CONTROLLOSS OF MANAGEMENT CONTROL ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE REQUIREMENTSORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE REQUIREMENTS HIDDEN COSTS OF CLIENT/SERVER COMPUTINGHIDDEN COSTS OF CLIENT/SERVER COMPUTING RELIABILITY & SECURITYRELIABILITY & SECURITY* 9.40

COSTS OF CLIENT/SERVER SYSTEMS OPERATIONS & SUPPORTOPERATIONS & SUPPORT APPLICATION DEVELOPMENTAPPLICATION DEVELOPMENT HARDWARE, SOFTWARE, INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCEHARDWARE, SOFTWARE, INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE EDUCATION & TRAININGEDUCATION & TRAINING* 9.41

TELECOMMUNICATIONS PLAN: KNOW LONG-RANGE PLANSKNOW LONG-RANGE PLANS AUDIT EXISTING CAPABILITIESAUDIT EXISTING CAPABILITIES IDENTIFY, PRIORITIZE CRITICAL IMPROVEMENTSIDENTIFY, PRIORITIZE CRITICAL IMPROVEMENTS ENHANCE FIRM’S STRATEGIC POSITIONENHANCE FIRM’S STRATEGIC POSITION IMPLEMENT PLAN * 9.42

IMPLEMENTATION FACTORS DISTANCEDISTANCE RANGE OF SERVICESRANGE OF SERVICES SECURITYSECURITY MULTIPLE ACCESSMULTIPLE ACCESS UTILIZATIONUTILIZATION COSTCOST INSTALLATIONINSTALLATION CONNECTIVITYCONNECTIVITY* 9.43

Connect to the INTERNET PRESS LEFT MOUSE BUTTON ON ICON TO CONNECT TO THE LAUDON & LAUDON WEB SITE FOR MORE INFORMATION ON THIS CHAPTER 9.44

9.45