2. 7.1 CHAPTER 7. TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS & THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

3. 7.2 LEARNING OBJECTIVES DESCRIBE COMPONENTS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMDESCRIBE COMPONENTS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM CALCULATE CAPACITY OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS CHANNELS & EVALUATE TRANSMISSION MEDIACALCULATE CAPACITY OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS CHANNELS & EVALUATE TRANSMISSION MEDIA COMPARE TYPES OF NETWORKS & NETWORK SERVICESCOMPARE TYPES OF NETWORKS & NETWORK SERVICES*

4. 7.3 LEARNING OBJECTIVES DESCRIBE INFRASTRUCTURE, CONNECTIVITY STANDARDSDESCRIBE INFRASTRUCTURE, CONNECTIVITY STANDARDS IDENTIFY APPLICATIONS FOR SUPPORTING ELECTRONIC COMMERCE, BUSINESSIDENTIFY APPLICATIONS FOR SUPPORTING ELECTRONIC COMMERCE, BUSINESS ANALYZE MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS OF NETWORKINGANALYZE MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS OF NETWORKING*

5. 7.4 MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES TELECOMMUNICATIONS REVOLUTIONTELECOMMUNICATIONS REVOLUTION COMPONENTS, FUNCTIONS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMCOMPONENTS, FUNCTIONS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKSCOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS NETWORK INFRASTUCTURENETWORK INFRASTUCTURE MANAGEMENT ISSUES, DECISIONSMANAGEMENT ISSUES, DECISIONS*

6. 7.5 TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMMUNICATING INFORMATION VIA ELECTRONIC MEANS OVER SOME DISTANCE *

7. 7.6 INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY NATIONAL / WORLDWIDE HIGH SPEED DIGITAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS ACCESSIBLE BY GENERAL PUBLIC *

8. 7.7 SYSTEM COMPONENTS COMPUTERSCOMPUTERS TERMINALS (Input / output devices)TERMINALS (Input / output devices) COMMUNICATIONS CHANNELSCOMMUNICATIONS CHANNELS PROCESSORS (Modems; multiplexers; front-end processors)PROCESSORS (Modems; multiplexers; front-end processors) COMMUNICATIONS SOFTWARECOMMUNICATIONS SOFTWARE*

9. 7.8 PROTOCOL RULES & PROCEDURES TO GOVERN TRANSMISSION BETWEEN COMPONENTS IN A NETWORK *

10. 7.9 ANALOG SIGNAL CONTINUOUS WAVEFORMCONTINUOUS WAVEFORM PASSES THRU SYSTEMPASSES THRU SYSTEM VOICE COMMUNICATIONSVOICE COMMUNICATIONS*

11. 7.10 DIGITAL SIGNAL DISCRETE WAVEFORMDISCRETE WAVEFORM TWO DISCRETE STATES:TWO DISCRETE STATES: –1-BIT & 0-BIT –ON / OFF PULSE DATA COMMUNICATIONDATA COMMUNICATION USES MODEM TO TRANSLATE ANALOG TO DIGITAL, DIGITAL TO ANALOGUSES MODEM TO TRANSLATE ANALOG TO DIGITAL, DIGITAL TO ANALOG* 0010111010011101001010101110111100100010000101111010110100111010010010110010101101100

12. 7.11 COMMUNICATION CHANNELS MEANS BY WHICH DATA ARE TRANSMITTED: TWISTED WIRES (Copper Wires)TWISTED WIRES (Copper Wires) COAXIAL CABLE: (Insulated Copper Wires)COAXIAL CABLE: (Insulated Copper Wires) FIBER-OPTIC CABLEFIBER-OPTIC CABLE MICROWAVEMICROWAVE*

13. 7.12 SUPER CLEAR GLASS STRANDSSUPER CLEAR GLASS STRANDS FAST, LIGHT, DURABLEFAST, LIGHT, DURABLE BILLIONS OF BITS PER SECOND, FULL DUPLEXBILLIONS OF BITS PER SECOND, FULL DUPLEX EXPENSIVE, HARDER TO INSTALLEXPENSIVE, HARDER TO INSTALL OFTEN USED AS BACKBONE OF NETWORKSOFTEN USED AS BACKBONE OF NETWORKS* FIBER OPTICS SIGNALLASERCABLEPHOTODETECTORSIGNAL

14. 7.13 ORBITING SATELLITES UPLINK MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION DOWNLINK

15. 7.14 WIRELESS TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGIES PAGING SYSTEM: Small pager beeps when receives short messagePAGING SYSTEM: Small pager beeps when receives short message CELLULAR TELEPHONE: Device uses radio waves to reach antennas within areas called cellsCELLULAR TELEPHONE: Device uses radio waves to reach antennas within areas called cells MOBILE DATA NETWORKS: Radio - based data network using hand-held computers; cheap, efficientMOBILE DATA NETWORKS: Radio - based data network using hand-held computers; cheap, efficient*

16. 7.15 WIRELESS TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGIES PERSONAL COMMUNICATION SERVICE: Cellular; lower power; higher frequency. Smaller phones not shielded by buildings, tunnelsPERSONAL COMMUNICATION SERVICE: Cellular; lower power; higher frequency. Smaller phones not shielded by buildings, tunnels PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANT: Pen sized, hand-held, digital communicatorPERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANT: Pen sized, hand-held, digital communicator SMART PHONE: Wireless, voice, text, InternetSMART PHONE: Wireless, voice, text, Internet*

17. 7.16 TRANSMISSION SPEED: Bits per Second (BPS) or BaudTRANSMISSION SPEED: Bits per Second (BPS) or Baud BANDWIDTH: Capacity of Channel; Difference between Highest & Lowest FrequenciesBANDWIDTH: Capacity of Channel; Difference between Highest & Lowest Frequencies* COMMUNICATIONS CHANNELS

18. 7.17 MEDIUM MEDIUM SPEED SPEED COST COST TWISTED WIRE TWISTED WIRE 300 BPS - 10 MBPS 300 BPS - 10 MBPSLOW MICROWAVE MICROWAVE 256 KBPS - 100 MBPS 256 KBPS - 100 MBPS SATELLITE SATELLITE 256 KBPS - 100 MBPS 256 KBPS - 100 MBPS COAXIAL CABLE COAXIAL CABLE 56 KBPS - 200 MBPS 56 KBPS - 200 MBPS FIBER OPTICS FIBER OPTICS 500 KBPS - 10 GBPS 500 KBPS - 10 GBPSHIGH BPS: BITS PER SECOND BPS: BITS PER SECOND KBPS: KILOBITS PER SECOND KBPS: KILOBITS PER SECOND MBPS: MEGABITS PER SECOND MBPS: MEGABITS PER SECOND GBPS: GIGABITS PER SECOND GBPS: GIGABITS PER SECOND SPEEDS & COST OF MEDIA

19. 7.18 COMMUNICATIONS PROCESSORS FRONT- END PROCESSOR: minicomputer manages communication for host computerFRONT- END PROCESSOR: minicomputer manages communication for host computer CONCENTRATOR: computer collects messages for batch transmission to host computerCONCENTRATOR: computer collects messages for batch transmission to host computer CONTROLLER: computer controls interface between CPU and peripheral devicesCONTROLLER: computer controls interface between CPU and peripheral devices MULTIPLEXER: allows channel to carry multiple sources simultaneouslyMULTIPLEXER: allows channel to carry multiple sources simultaneously*

20. 7.19 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES HOST HOST USER USER STAR

21. 7.20 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES BUS USER USER

22. 7.21 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES USER USER RING

23. 7.22 LOCAL NETWORKS PRIVATE BRANCH EXCHANGE (PBX): firm’s central switching systemPRIVATE BRANCH EXCHANGE (PBX): firm’s central switching system LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN): dedicated channels; limited distance (less than 2000 foot radius); higher capacity than PBX. Can share expensive hardware & softwareLOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN): dedicated channels; limited distance (less than 2000 foot radius); higher capacity than PBX. Can share expensive hardware & software*

24. 7.23 LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN) GATEWAY: Connection to other networksGATEWAY: Connection to other networks ROUTER: Forwards data to other networksROUTER: Forwards data to other networks NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM (NOS): Manages file server; routes communications on networkNETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM (NOS): Manages file server; routes communications on network PEER - TO - PEER: In some small networks all computers have equal powerPEER - TO - PEER: In some small networks all computers have equal power*

25. 7.24 Network spans large geographic distances. Can include cable, satellite, microwave SWITCHED LINES: Route determined by current trafficSWITCHED LINES: Route determined by current traffic DEDICATED LINES: Constantly available for high-volume trafficDEDICATED LINES: Constantly available for high-volume traffic* WIDE - AREA NETWORK (WAN)

26. 7.25 VALUE-ADDED NETWORK (VAN) PRIVATE; MULTIPATH; DATA ONLYPRIVATE; MULTIPATH; DATA ONLY 3rd PARTY MANAGED3rd PARTY MANAGED USED BY SEVERAL ORGANIZATIONSUSED BY SEVERAL ORGANIZATIONS SUBSCRIPTION BASISSUBSCRIPTION BASIS*

27. 7.26 NETWORK SERVICES PACKET SWITCHINGPACKET SWITCHING FRAME RELAYFRAME RELAY ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE (ATM)ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE (ATM) INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN)INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINEDIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE CABLE MODEMCABLE MODEM T1 LINET1 LINE*

28. 7.27 PACKET SWITCHING (X.25): FORM OF Value Added NetworkFORM OF Value Added Network BREAKS DATA BLOCKS INTO SMALL PACKETS (e.g.: 128 Bytes)BREAKS DATA BLOCKS INTO SMALL PACKETS (e.g.: 128 Bytes) PACKETS ROUTED BY MOST ECONOMICAL MEANSPACKETS ROUTED BY MOST ECONOMICAL MEANS REASSEMBLED AT DESTINATIONREASSEMBLED AT DESTINATION*

29. 7.28 ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE (ATM): CELL: 53 Groups of 8 Bytes EachCELL: 53 Groups of 8 Bytes Each USES FIBER OPTICS CABLEUSES FIBER OPTICS CABLE INDEPENDENT OF VENDOR HARDWARE SPEEDSINDEPENDENT OF VENDOR HARDWARE SPEEDS CAN TIE LAN TO WANCAN TIE LAN TO WAN*

30. 7.29 INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN): INTERNATIONAL STANDARD FOR TRANSMITTING VOICE, VIDEO, DATA OVER PUBLIC TELEPHONE LINES *

31. 7.30 OTHER SERVICES: DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (DSL): enhancing capacity over copper telephone linesDIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (DSL): enhancing capacity over copper telephone lines CABLE MODEM: modem for cable TV for high-speed access to InternetCABLE MODEM: modem for cable TV for high-speed access to Internet T1 LINE: dedicated telephone connection, 24 channels @ 1.544 megabits per secondT1 LINE: dedicated telephone connection, 24 channels @ 1.544 megabits per second*

32. 7.31 OTHER SERVICES: BROADBAND: High-speed transmission, multiple channelsBROADBAND: High-speed transmission, multiple channels CONVERGING NETWORK: Enables simultaneous transmission of voice, dataCONVERGING NETWORK: Enables simultaneous transmission of voice, data*

33. 7.32 HARDWARE; SOFTWARE; TELECOMMUNICATIONS, DATA RESOURCESHARDWARE; SOFTWARE; TELECOMMUNICATIONS, DATA RESOURCES MORE COMPUTING POWER ON THE DESKTOPMORE COMPUTING POWER ON THE DESKTOP NETWORK LINKING SMALLER NETWORKSNETWORK LINKING SMALLER NETWORKS* ENTERPRISE NETWORK

34. 7.33 INTERNETWORKING LINK NETWORKS EACH RETAINS IDENTITY INTO INTERCONNECTED NETWORK * NETWORK A NETWORK B NETWORK C

35. 7.34 CONNECTIVITY MEASURE OF ABILITY OF COMPUTING DEVICES TO PASS & SHARE INFORMATION WITHOUT HUMAN INTERVENTION MEASURE OF ABILITY OF COMPUTING DEVICES TO PASS & SHARE INFORMATION WITHOUT HUMAN INTERVENTION OPEN SYSTEMS: Software able to function on different computer platforms. Nonproprietary operating systems, applications, protocols OPEN SYSTEMS: Software able to function on different computer platforms. Nonproprietary operating systems, applications, protocols*

36. 7.35 TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL / INTERNET PROTOCOL (TCP / IP) REFERENCE MODEL DEVELOPED BY DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE IN 1972 1. APPLICATION: Provides screen presentations 2. TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL (TCP): Breaks data into datagrams 3. INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP): Breaks, sends datagrams as smaller IP packets; can repeat transmission to increase reliability *

37. 7.36 4. NETWORK INTERFACE: Handles addressing and interface between computer & network 5. PHYSICAL NET: Defines electrical transmission characteristics for sending signal along networks to destination * TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL / INTERNET PROTOCOL (TCP / IP)

38. 7.37 OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECT (OSI) INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE MODEL FOR LINKING DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMPUTERS & NETWORKS *

39. 7.38 E-COMMERCE & E-BUSINESS TECHNOLOGIES ELECTRONIC MAIL (e-mail)ELECTRONIC MAIL (e-mail) VOICE MAILVOICE MAIL FACSIMILE MACHINES (fax)FACSIMILE MACHINES (fax) TELECONFERENCINGTELECONFERENCING DATACONFERENCINGDATACONFERENCING VIDEOCONFERENCINGVIDEOCONFERENCING GROUPWAREGROUPWARE*

40. 7.39 ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE (EDI) COMPUTER - TO - COMPUTER EXCHANGE BETWEEN TWO ORGANIZATIONS OF STANDARD BUSINESS TRANSACTION DOCUMENTS * COMPUTER SELLERCUSTOMER ORDERS, PAYMENTS SHIPPING NOTICES, PRICE UPDATES, INVOICES

41. 7.40 PROBLEMS POSED BY ENTERPRISE NETWORKING CONNECTIVITYCONNECTIVITY LOSS OF MANAGEMENT CONTROLLOSS OF MANAGEMENT CONTROL ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE REQUIREMENTSORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE REQUIREMENTS HIDDEN COSTS OF CLIENT/SERVER COMPUTINGHIDDEN COSTS OF CLIENT/SERVER COMPUTING RELIABILITY & SECURITYRELIABILITY & SECURITY*

42. 7.41 HIDDEN COSTS OF CLIENT / SERVER SYSTEMS OPERATIONS & SUPPORTOPERATIONS & SUPPORT APPLICATION DEVELOPMENTAPPLICATION DEVELOPMENT HARDWARE, SOFTWARE, INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCEHARDWARE, SOFTWARE, INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE EDUCATION & TRAININGEDUCATION & TRAINING*

43. 7.42 TELECOMMUNICATIONS PLAN: KNOW LONG-RANGE PLANSKNOW LONG-RANGE PLANS AUDIT EXISTING CAPABILITIESAUDIT EXISTING CAPABILITIES IDENTIFY, PRIORITIZE CRITICAL IMPROVEMENTSIDENTIFY, PRIORITIZE CRITICAL IMPROVEMENTS ENHANCE FIRM’S STRATEGIC POSITIONENHANCE FIRM’S STRATEGIC POSITION IMPLEMENT PLAN IMPLEMENT PLAN*

44. 7.43 IMPLEMENTATION FACTORS DISTANCEDISTANCE RANGE OF SERVICESRANGE OF SERVICES SECURITYSECURITY MULTIPLE ACCESSMULTIPLE ACCESS UTILIZATIONUTILIZATION COSTCOST INSTALLATIONINSTALLATION CONNECTIVITYCONNECTIVITY*

45. 7.44 Connect to the INTERNET Laudon/Laudon Web site: http://www.prenhall.com/laudon Additional Internet Resources related to this chapter: http://www.sap.com http://www.mysap.com http://www.peoplesoft.com http://www.oec.com http://www.novell.com http://www.microsoft.com http://samba.anu.edu.au/samba http://www.wpine.com http://www.microsoft.com/netmeeting http://wwwhost.ots.utexas.edu/ethernet/ © 2001 Laudon & Laudon, Essentials of Management Information Systems 4/e

46. 7.45 CHAPTER 7. TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS & THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY