2. 8.1 © 2002 by Prentice Hall c h a p t e r 8 8 TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKS AND NETWORKS

3. 8.2 © 2002 by Prentice Hall LEARNING OBJECTIVES DESCRIBE COMPONENTS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMDESCRIBE COMPONENTS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM CALCULATE CAPACITY OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS CHANNELS & EVALUATE TRANSMISSION MEDIACALCULATE CAPACITY OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS CHANNELS & EVALUATE TRANSMISSION MEDIA COMPARE TYPES OF NETWORKS & NETWORK SERVICESCOMPARE TYPES OF NETWORKS & NETWORK SERVICES* © 2002 by Prentice Hall

4. 8.3 © 2002 by Prentice Hall LEARNING OBJECTIVES COMPARE ALTERNATIVE NETWORK SERVICESCOMPARE ALTERNATIVE NETWORK SERVICES IDENTIFY APPLICATIONS FOR SUPPORTING ELECTRONIC COMMERCE, BUSINESSIDENTIFY APPLICATIONS FOR SUPPORTING ELECTRONIC COMMERCE, BUSINESS* © 2002 by Prentice Hall

5. 8.4 © 2002 by Prentice Hall MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES TELECOMMUNICATIONS REVOLUTIONTELECOMMUNICATIONS REVOLUTION COMPONENTS, FUNCTIONS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMCOMPONENTS, FUNCTIONS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKSCOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS ELECTRONIC COMMERCE & ELECTRONIC BUSINESS TECHNOLOGIESELECTRONIC COMMERCE & ELECTRONIC BUSINESS TECHNOLOGIES*

6. 8.5 © 2002 by Prentice Hall MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES 1. MANAGING LOCAL AREA NETWORKS: Must be carefully administered, monitored, vulnerable to interruption, data loss, viruses 2. MANAGING BANDWIDTH: While costs per unit are dropping and capacity is growing, sudden demand can overwhelm systems *

7. 8.6 © 2002 by Prentice Hall TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMMUNICATING INFORMATION VIA ELECTRONIC MEANS OVER SOME DISTANCE *

8. 8.7 © 2002 by Prentice Hall INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY NATIONAL / WORLDWIDE HIGH SPEED DIGITAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS ACCESSIBLE BY GENERAL PUBLIC * © 2002 by Prentice Hall

9. 8.8 © 2002 by Prentice Hall SYSTEM COMPONENTS COMPUTERSCOMPUTERS TERMINALS: Input / output devicesTERMINALS: Input / output devices COMMUNICATIONS CHANNELSCOMMUNICATIONS CHANNELS PROCESSORS: Modems, multiplexers, front-end processorsPROCESSORS: Modems, multiplexers, front-end processors COMMUNICATIONS SOFTWARECOMMUNICATIONS SOFTWARE*

10. 8.9 © 2002 by Prentice Hall PROTOCOL RULES & PROCEDURES TO GOVERN TRANSMISSION BETWEEN COMPONENTS IN A NETWORK *

11. 8.10 © 2002 by Prentice Hall ANALOG SIGNAL CONTINUOUS WAVEFORMCONTINUOUS WAVEFORM PASSES THRU SYSTEMPASSES THRU SYSTEM VOICE COMMUNICATIONSVOICE COMMUNICATIONS* © 2002 by Prentice Hall

12. 8.11 © 2002 by Prentice Hall DIGITAL SIGNAL DISCRETE WAVEFORMDISCRETE WAVEFORM TWO DISCRETE STATES:TWO DISCRETE STATES: –1-BIT & 0-BIT –ON / OFF PULSE DATA COMMUNICATIONDATA COMMUNICATION USES MODEM TO TRANSLATE ANALOG TO DIGITAL, DIGITAL TO ANALOGUSES MODEM TO TRANSLATE ANALOG TO DIGITAL, DIGITAL TO ANALOG* 0010111010011101001010101110111100100010000101111010110100111010010010110010101101100

13. 8.12 © 2002 by Prentice Hall A modem converts the signal

14. 8.13 © 2002 by Prentice Hall COMMUNICATION CHANNELS MEANS BY WHICH DATA ARE TRANSMITTED: TWISTED WIRES: Copper WiresTWISTED WIRES: Copper Wires COAXIAL CABLE: Insulated Copper WiresCOAXIAL CABLE: Insulated Copper Wires FIBER-OPTIC CABLEFIBER-OPTIC CABLE MICROWAVEMICROWAVE* © 2002 by Prentice Hall

15. 8.14 © 2002 by Prentice Hall SUPER CLEAR GLASS STRANDSSUPER CLEAR GLASS STRANDS FAST, LIGHT, DURABLEFAST, LIGHT, DURABLE TRILLIONS OF BITS PER SECOND, FULL DUPLEXTRILLIONS OF BITS PER SECOND, FULL DUPLEX EXPENSIVE, HARDER TO INSTALLEXPENSIVE, HARDER TO INSTALL OFTEN USED AS BACKBONE OF NETWORKSOFTEN USED AS BACKBONE OF NETWORKS* FIBER OPTICS FIBER OPTICS SIGNALLASERCABLEPHOTODETECTORSIGNAL

16. 8.15 © 2002 by Prentice Hall BACKBONE: Fiber optics cable carries light signals to distribution nodes, which use copper wires to userBACKBONE: Fiber optics cable carries light signals to distribution nodes, which use copper wires to user DENSE WAVE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (DWDM): Next-generation, uses many colors, (up to 160) each a channel, increases capacity of a fiber to 6.4 terabits per secondDENSE WAVE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (DWDM): Next-generation, uses many colors, (up to 160) each a channel, increases capacity of a fiber to 6.4 terabits per second* FIBER OPTICS

17. 8.16 © 2002 by Prentice Hall WIRELESS TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGIES PAGERS: Small pager beeps when receives short messagePAGERS: Small pager beeps when receives short message CELLULAR TELEPHONE: Device uses radio waves to reach antennas within areas called cellsCELLULAR TELEPHONE: Device uses radio waves to reach antennas within areas called cells MOBILE DATA NETWORKS: Radio - based data network using hand-held computers, cheap, efficientMOBILE DATA NETWORKS: Radio - based data network using hand-held computers, cheap, efficient*

18. 8.17 © 2002 by Prentice Hall WIRELESS TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGIES PERSONAL COMMUNICATION SERVICE: Cellular; lower power; higher frequency. Smaller phones not shielded by buildings, tunnelsPERSONAL COMMUNICATION SERVICE: Cellular; lower power; higher frequency. Smaller phones not shielded by buildings, tunnels PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANT: Pen sized, hand-held, digital communicatorPERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANT: Pen sized, hand-held, digital communicator SMART PHONE: Wireless, voice, text, InternetSMART PHONE: Wireless, voice, text, Internet*

19. 8.18 © 2002 by Prentice Hall ORBITING SATELLITES UPLINK MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION DOWNLINK

20. 8.19 © 2002 by Prentice Hall Non-Physical Transmission Media

21. 8.20 © 2002 by Prentice Hall TRANSMISSION SPEED: Bits per Second (BPS) or BaudTRANSMISSION SPEED: Bits per Second (BPS) or Baud BANDWIDTH: Capacity of Channel; Difference between Highest & Lowest FrequenciesBANDWIDTH: Capacity of Channel; Difference between Highest & Lowest Frequencies* COMMUNICATIONS CHANNELS

22. 8.21 © 2002 by Prentice Hall MEDIUM MEDIUM SPEED SPEED COST COST TWISTED WIRE TWISTED WIRE 300 BPS - 10 MBPS 300 BPS - 10 MBPSLOW MICROWAVE MICROWAVE 256 KBPS - 100 MBPS 256 KBPS - 100 MBPS SATELLITE SATELLITE 256 KBPS - 100 MBPS 256 KBPS - 100 MBPS COAXIAL CABLE COAXIAL CABLE 56 KBPS - 200 MBPS 56 KBPS - 200 MBPS FIBER OPTICS FIBER OPTICS 500 KBPS - 6.4 TBPS 500 KBPS - 6.4 TBPSHIGH BPS: BITS PER SECOND BPS: BITS PER SECOND KBPS: KILOBITS PS, MBPS: MEGABITS PS, KBPS: KILOBITS PS, MBPS: MEGABITS PS, GBPS: GIGABITS PS, TBPS: TERABITS PS GBPS: GIGABITS PS, TBPS: TERABITS PS SPEEDS & COST OF MEDIA

23. 8.22 © 2002 by Prentice Hall COMMUNICATIONS PROCESSORS FRONT- END PROCESSOR: Minicomputer manages communication for host computerFRONT- END PROCESSOR: Minicomputer manages communication for host computer CONCENTRATOR: Computer collects messages for batch transmission to host computerCONCENTRATOR: Computer collects messages for batch transmission to host computer CONTROLLER: Computer controls interface between CPU and peripheral devicesCONTROLLER: Computer controls interface between CPU and peripheral devices MULTIPLEXER: Allows channel to carry multiple sources simultaneouslyMULTIPLEXER: Allows channel to carry multiple sources simultaneously*

24. 8.23 © 2002 by Prentice Hall Front-end Processor and Multiplexer

25. 8.24 © 2002 by Prentice Hall NETWORK TOPOLOGIES HOST HOST USER USER STAR

26. 8.25 © 2002 by Prentice Hall NETWORK TOPOLOGIES BUS USER USER

27. 8.26 © 2002 by Prentice Hall NETWORK TOPOLOGIES USER USER RING

28. 8.27 © 2002 by Prentice Hall LOCAL NETWORKS PRIVATE BRANCH EXCHANGE (PBX): firm’s central switching systemPRIVATE BRANCH EXCHANGE (PBX): firm’s central switching system LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN): dedicated channels; limited distance (less than 2000 foot radius); higher capacity than PBX. Can share expensive hardware & softwareLOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN): dedicated channels; limited distance (less than 2000 foot radius); higher capacity than PBX. Can share expensive hardware & software*

29. 8.28 © 2002 by Prentice Hall LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN) GATEWAY: Connection to other networksGATEWAY: Connection to other networks ROUTER: Forwards data to other networksROUTER: Forwards data to other networks NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM (NOS): Manages file server; routes communications on networkNETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM (NOS): Manages file server; routes communications on network PEER - TO - PEER: In some small networks all computers have equal powerPEER - TO - PEER: In some small networks all computers have equal power*

30. 8.29 © 2002 by Prentice Hall Local Area Network [LAN]

31. 8.30 © 2002 by Prentice Hall Network spans large geographic distances. Can include cable, satellite, microwave SWITCHED LINES: Route determined by current trafficSWITCHED LINES: Route determined by current traffic DEDICATED LINES: Constantly available for high-volume trafficDEDICATED LINES: Constantly available for high-volume traffic* WIDE - AREA NETWORK (WAN)

32. 8.31 © 2002 by Prentice Hall VALUE-ADDED NETWORK (VAN) PRIVATE, MULTIPATH, DATA ONLYPRIVATE, MULTIPATH, DATA ONLY 3rd PARTY MANAGED3rd PARTY MANAGED USED BY SEVERAL ORGANIZATIONSUSED BY SEVERAL ORGANIZATIONS SUBSCRIPTION BASISSUBSCRIPTION BASIS*

33. 8.32 © 2002 by Prentice Hall NETWORK SERVICES PACKET SWITCHINGPACKET SWITCHING FRAME RELAYFRAME RELAY ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE (ATM)ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE (ATM) INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN)INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) SYMMETRIC DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINESYMMETRIC DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE CABLE MODEMCABLE MODEM T1 LINET1 LINE*

34. 8.33 © 2002 by Prentice Hall PACKET SWITCHING (X.25) FORM OF Value Added NetworkFORM OF Value Added Network BREAKS DATA BLOCKS INTO SMALL PACKETS (e.g.: 128 Bytes)BREAKS DATA BLOCKS INTO SMALL PACKETS (e.g.: 128 Bytes) PACKETS ROUTED BY MOST ECONOMICAL MEANSPACKETS ROUTED BY MOST ECONOMICAL MEANS REASSEMBLED AT DESTINATIONREASSEMBLED AT DESTINATION*

35. 8.34 © 2002 by Prentice Hall Packet Switching

36. 8.35 © 2002 by Prentice Hall FRAME RELAY PACKAGES DATA INTO BLOCKS (FRAMES)PACKAGES DATA INTO BLOCKS (FRAMES) HIGH-SPEED TRANSMISSIONHIGH-SPEED TRANSMISSION RELIABLE LINESRELIABLE LINES NO ERROR-CORRECTION ROUTINESNO ERROR-CORRECTION ROUTINES*

37. 8.36 © 2002 by Prentice Hall ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE (ATM) CELL: 53 Groups of 8 Bytes EachCELL: 53 Groups of 8 Bytes Each USES FIBER OPTICS CABLEUSES FIBER OPTICS CABLE INDEPENDENT OF VENDOR HARDWARE SPEEDSINDEPENDENT OF VENDOR HARDWARE SPEEDS CAN TIE LAN TO WANCAN TIE LAN TO WAN*

38. 8.37 © 2002 by Prentice Hall INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) INTERNATIONAL STANDARD FOR TRANSMITTING VOICE, VIDEO, DATA OVER PUBLIC TELEPHONE LINES *

39. 8.38 © 2002 by Prentice Hall OTHER SERVICES: DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (DSL): enhancing capacity over copper telephone linesDIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (DSL): enhancing capacity over copper telephone lines CABLE MODEM: modem for cable TV for high-speed access to InternetCABLE MODEM: modem for cable TV for high-speed access to Internet T1 LINE: dedicated telephone connection, 24 channels @ 1.544 megabits per secondT1 LINE: dedicated telephone connection, 24 channels @ 1.544 megabits per second*

40. 8.39 © 2002 by Prentice Hall OTHER SERVICES: BROADBAND: High-speed transmission, multiple channelsBROADBAND: High-speed transmission, multiple channels NETWORK CONVERGENCE: Enables simultaneous transmission of voice, data, video. Attractive for multimedia applications: Video collaboration, voice-data call centers, distance learning, unified messagingNETWORK CONVERGENCE: Enables simultaneous transmission of voice, data, video. Attractive for multimedia applications: Video collaboration, voice-data call centers, distance learning, unified messaging*

41. 8.40 © 2002 by Prentice Hall E-COMMERCE & E-BUSINESS TECHNOLOGIES ELECTRONIC MAIL (e-mail)ELECTRONIC MAIL (e-mail) GROUPWAREGROUPWARE VOICE MAILVOICE MAIL FACSIMILE MACHINES (fax)FACSIMILE MACHINES (fax) TELECONFERENCINGTELECONFERENCING DATACONFERENCINGDATACONFERENCING VIDEOCONFERENCINGVIDEOCONFERENCING*

42. 8.41 © 2002 by Prentice Hall E-COMMERCE & E-BUSINESS TECHNOLOGIES DIGITAL INFORMATION SERVICES: Commercial service provides desired mixDIGITAL INFORMATION SERVICES: Commercial service provides desired mix DISTANCE LEARNING: Education, training delivered over a distance, can include printed material, teleconferencing, interactive multimedia, Web sitesDISTANCE LEARNING: Education, training delivered over a distance, can include printed material, teleconferencing, interactive multimedia, Web sites*

43. 8.42 © 2002 by Prentice Hall COMMERCIAL DIGITAL INFORMATION SERVICES

44. 8.43 © 2002 by Prentice Hall ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE (EDI) COMPUTER - TO - COMPUTER EXCHANGE BETWEEN TWO ORGANIZATIONS OF STANDARD BUSINESS TRANSACTION DOCUMENTS * COMPUTER SELLERCUSTOMER ORDERS, PAYMENTS SHIPPING NOTICES, PRICE UPDATES, INVOICES

45. 8.44 © 2002 by Prentice Hall c h a p t e r 8 8 TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKS AND NETWORKS