Temperature and Flow Dynamics of the Klamath River Technical Memorandum 7 Leon Basdekas Mike Deas Watercourse Engineering, Inc nd Street, Suite B Davis CA 95616

Modeling Domain Klamath River reaches represented by the global modeling framework and the current area from Iron Gate Dam to Turwar

Modeling Tools The Research Management Associates (RMA) models were chosen for their ability to accurately simulate flow and transport in steep rivers. Flow is represented with RMA-2, a finite element hydrodynamic model capable of modeling highly dynamic flow regimes in short space- and time-steps. Output includes velocity, depth, and representative surface and bed areas which are passed to the water quality model RMA-11. RMA-11 is a finite element water quality model simulating temperature as well as the fate and transport of a wide range of physical, chemical, and biological constituents. These two linked river models are applied on hourly or sub- hourly time steps to capture the short-term response of state variables such as temperature. For this application, the RMA models are applied in one-dimension, representing variations along the longitudinal axis of the river.

Modifications Based on Prior Recommendations The RMA-11 code has been modified to allow for a bed conductance term in the heat budget consistent with Cole and Wells (2002) in response to a recommendation by USGS (Risley and Rounds, 2006); however, the model was generally insensitive to this change. Boundary conditions for minor tributaries below Iron Gate have been refined based on work by USGS (Flint and Flint 2005). Coincident with these updates, the model calibration has been updated and the new results are presented here.

Klamath River, Iron Gate Dam to Turwar Reach Geometry Summary Node spacing150 meters Number of nodes 2082 nodes in length Length miles from RM ElevationsRange:0-671 meters WidthsRange: meters Side slopes1:1 Data sourcesUTM coordinates from CH2M HILL; Elevations estimated from USGS topographic maps Notesn/a

Calibration and Validation Sites Along the Klamath River Location Approximate River Mile Distance Between Locations Klamath River below Iron Gate Dam Klamath River above Shasta River Klamath River above Scott River Klamath River at Seiad Valley Klamath River above Clear Creek Klamath River at Orleans Klamath River above Trinity River Klamath River at Martins Ferry Klamath River at Turwar *Locations are associated with the river models RMA-2 and RMA-11

Summary Statistics for All Years in the Refined Calibration and the Updated Validation: (All Values in °C) LocationMean BiasMAERMSE Klamath River below Iron Gate Dam Klamath River above Shasta River Klamath River above Scott River Klamath River at Seiad Valley Klamath River above Clear Creek Klamath River at Orleans Klamath River above Trinity River Klamath River at Martins Ferry Klamath River at Turwar average maximum minimum

Annual Runoff: 2000

Seasonal Flow: 2000 Winter Spring Summer Fall

Annual Flow: 2001

Seasonal Flow: 2001 Winter Spring Summer Fall

Time Series of Hourly Water Temperature for the Klamath River at RM 150, Above Scott River RM Jan30Feb 29Mar 30Apr 29May 29Jun 28Jul 28Aug 27Sep 26Oct 26Nov 25Dec 24 Day Temperature ( ° C)

Longitudinal Profile of Daily Maximum, Mean, and Minimum Water Temperatures in the Klamath River for February 15

Longitudinal Profile Plan View

Longitudinal Profile of the Klamath River on May 1

Longitudinal Profile of the Klamath River on June 1

Travel Time on the Klamath River on May 1 Shasta River Salmon River Scott River Trinity River RM River Mile Hours MeanNode

Travel time on the Klamath River on June 1 RM Shasta River Salmon River Scott River Trinity River River Mile Hours MeanNode

Travel time on the Klamath River on September 1

Six Proposed Mainstem Reaches for the Klamath River Coho Life-Cycle Model

Conclusions Flow and temperature model has been refined, calibrated and validated. Model performance is good and the tool is ready for specific applications. The river experiences variability longitudinally and seasonally Iron Gate Dam is limited in its ability to regulate temperature and flow throughout the entire lower Klamath River.