Hazards and Risks of Earthquakes and Volcanoes Geology 112 Section 1: T/Th, Section 2: T/Th, Paula Jefferis, Lecturer

Instructor: Paula Jefferis Office: DH 419 Telephone: Contact information:

Welcome to the spring 2011 semester! Wishing you success during the semester! Wishing you success during the semester! Regular attendance with active participation, understanding material, and completing assignments helps achieve this goal. Regular attendance with active participation, understanding material, and completing assignments helps achieve this goal. These classes are large so make a point of making a visit during office hours especially if the material is overwhelming These classes are large so make a point of making a visit during office hours especially if the material is overwhelming

Natural Disasters, Patrick Abbott 7 th edition; ISBN th edition; ISBN Reading the entire chapter associated with topic will be helpful to understanding material in class.

Assignments and Percentage of Class AssignmentPercentage Three exams55% Oral report and essay10% Term paper15% Home or work evaluation 10% Field trip10%

Assignments and Due Dates Assignment or examDate Exam #1March 1 st Exam #2April 14 th Exam #3 (last day of class)May 17 th Oral report and essayFebruary 15 and 16 Term paperApril 21 st Home evaluation May 5th Pinnacles field tripSection 1: Saturday, March 12 th Section 2: Saturday, March 18 th

All written work must be submitted to turnitin.com before class turnitin.com Register and understand how the system works Register and understand how the system works Section 1Id #: Password:earthquakes1 (case sensitive) Section 2Id #: Password: earthquakes2 (case sensitive)

Class organization Introduction, formation of the Earth and plate tectonics Introduction, formation of the Earth and plate tectonics Volcanoes: geology, hazards, mitigation and prediction Volcanoes: geology, hazards, mitigation and prediction Earthquakes: geology, seismology, hazards Earthquakes: geology, seismology, hazards Mitigation measures to reduce risk Mitigation measures to reduce risk

Work load Read appropriate pages in text Read appropriate pages in text complete term paper, home analysis, exams on assigned dates complete term paper, home analysis, exams on assigned dates understand vocabulary and concepts understand vocabulary and concepts apply vocabulary and concepts to explain Earth’s processes apply vocabulary and concepts to explain Earth’s processes attend 1 Saturday field trip attend 1 Saturday field trip

Physical map of the World 70% oceanic crust; 30% continental crust Part I: Earth Process

TectonicTectonic map of the world

Cross-section of the Earth showing earth processes producing earthquakes and volcanoes. volcanoes

Part II: Volcanoes Why are some volcanoes more destructive than others? Why are some volcanoes more destructive than others? –location The Mt. St. Helens eruption, 1980 The Mt. St. Helens eruption, 1980

Volcanoes Why do some volcanoes look different than others? Why do some volcanoes look different than others? –location Mauna Loa, Hawaii Mauna Loa, Hawaii

Volcanoes around the World

What type of hazards can you think of associated with a volcanic eruption? Hawaii

Volcanic Hazards Ashfall Pyroclastic flows Lava flow Lahars

Comparison of ash plumes Mt. St Helens was a relatively small eruption compared to prehistoric eruptions

Potential Risk Proximity and understanding of the volcano

Monitoring Scientists document any change in volcanic activity with technology. Scientists document any change in volcanic activity with technology. Volcanic eruptions have been predicted Volcanic eruptions have been predicted

Part III: Earthquakes Earthquakes Where do earthquakes occur? Where do earthquakes occur? Why? Why?

Why and where earthquakes and occur?

EarthquakesEarthquakes Today

Why earthquakes occur: release of energy earthquakes Ground shaking Acceleration or push when seismic waves reach the Earth’s surface.

Earthquakes are caused when the Earth moves along faults faults Enriquillo-Plantain Garden Fault zone: 1860; 1770; 1751 –last earthquakes

Population and shaking Warmer colors equals higher population concentrations Stronger shaking is associated with population concentrations

Structural failure

6,718,362 million people

What type of hazards can you think of associated with an earthquake? Anchorage, 1964 Coalinga, 1983 Indonesia, 2005

Earthquake Hazards Liquefaction Ground Rupture Landslides Tsunami Ground shaking

Earthquakes cannot be predicted

Preparedness Retrofit structures known not to respond well in earthquakes. Retrofit structures known not to respond well in earthquakes.

Education Local population understanding the potential hazard can reduce loss of life Local population understanding the potential hazard can reduce loss of life Putting Down Roots in Earthquake Country

Recovery Federal, state and local agencies aid in the recovery of natural disasters. Federal, state and local agencies aid in the recovery of natural disasters. Search and rescue volunteers Search and rescue volunteers International help International help One small airport in Haiti. Difficult to deliver and distribute supplies.

Connection Patterns and characteristics of earthquakes and volcanoes Patterns and characteristics of earthquakes and volcanoes The theory of plate tectonics helps explain this pattern The theory of plate tectonics helps explain this pattern If people understand the possible hazards, preparation can help reduce the risk If people understand the possible hazards, preparation can help reduce the risk

Remember! Read text Read text Attend class Attend class Ask questions Ask questions Equals success in this class! Equals success in this class!