1. Lithosphere KQ 2
What natural hazards are derived from plate movement and how are they managed?

2. Volcano Basics
Opening in Earth’s crust from which comes molten rock, gases, and ash
The name of the landform around such an opening

3. Why they form
Decrease in pressure (in asthenosphere due to the lithosphere) (rift zone)
Increase in temperature (hot spot)
Increase in water (decreases melting point) (subduction zone)

4. Where they form Rift zone (mid ocean ridge, divergent boundary)
Subduction zones (convergent boundaries O-O, O-C)
Hot spots (ocean (hawaii), land (yellowstone))

5. Volcano/Magma Characteristics
Based on Amount of Silica
Basaltic- low silica, gas & viscosity, high temp& rifts and ocean hot spots
Andesitic-mod. Gas & viscosity, inter. Temps, sometimes boundaries
Rhyolitic-high silica, gas, viscosity, explosive, low continental hot spots

6. Based on magma/lava flow
Volcanic landforms
Based on magma/lava flow
Shield - large gently sloping (basaltic magma-Hawaii)
Cinder cone – small from vents near larger volcanoes
Composite – explosive volcanic eruption layers (magma, water, ash, mud flows) Mt. St. Helens
Caldera – top blows, crater-collapses (Yellowstone Crater lake)

7. Mauna Kea Last eruption 4,500 ya
Landform shield, Characteristic basaltic
Last eruption 4,500 ya

8. Iceland
April 14, 2010

9. Mt. Fuji Last eruption 1707, overdue for another
Landform Composite, Characteristic
Last eruption 1707, overdue for another

10. St. Helens
1980 type composite, characteristic :
Last eruption 1980

11. Amboy California Last eruption ~6,000 ya
Type cinder, characteristic basalt andesite
Last eruption ~6,000 ya

12. Crater Lake Oregon Last eruption 7,700 ya
Type Caldera lake is 594 meters deep (1,949 ft)
Last eruption 7,700 ya

13. Monitoring Tools
Tiltmeters – expansion/dome of area (balloon buried under layers of sand/plaster)
Geodimeter – change in horizontal distance via laser
Earthquake frequency – peaks before eruption
Gas emission - via correlation spectrometer “sees sulfur dioxide”
Historical eruptions – written and geologic

14. Just for fun…Extraterrestrial Vulcanism
Moon (maria) 15 % basaltic lava flows 3-4 BYA
Mars several shield volcanoes
Venus large volcanoes, lava flows, and calderas
Io (moon of Jupiter) caused by friction of surface pulled by gravity of Jupiter and other nearby moons.

15. Volcano Activities Volcano Vocabulary worksheet Hawaii lab
Google Earth exercise

16. Earthquake Basics - Cause
Strain (in lithosphere)
Faults (Cracks)
Plate boundaries
Release (of energy)
Volcanic eruption
Cave collapse
Bomb detonation
Meteor impact

17. Earthquake Cycle

18. Cross Section of an Earthquake
Focus-where the rupture/break occurs. Epicenter-directly above the focus on the Earth’s surface. Seismic waves radiate out in all directions (remember the bull’s eye).

19. Where do Earthquakes occur and what can they tell us about plate boundaries?
ArcGIS Earthquake lesson

20. Movement/Magnitude of an Earthquake depends on:
The shape of the boundary
The depth of the stress release
The type of rock
Review ArcGIS lesson

21. Boundary shape = Fault type
We know that the continental plates are moving and can collide (continental drift). > < Compression/subduction/mountain building. < > Extension/rift zone/sea floor spreading. Sliding/San Andres Fault. But what else can continental drift cause…

22. Review Earthquake Cycle
Static deformation accounts for about 90% of the energy from an earthquake. Where is the other 10%? Seismic waves.
90% of energy from earthquake results in static deformation (change shape). What accounts for the other 10% of energy?

23. Seismic Waves Body waves Surface waves P-waves S-waves Love waves
Raleigh waves (view CZ ES1002)

24. Seismic Waves
There are two main types of seismic waves BODY (travel through the Earth’s inner layers) and SURFACE (move only along the Earth’s surface). Today’s focus is on body waves. There are two types P-waves (travel through rock and fluid, like thunder rattles windows, sound pushes and pulls the air). Demonstration on overhead with shallow glass pan filled with water. Drop a pebble in watch the waves propagate outward. S-waves move only through rock both up and down and side to side. Demonstration with rope tied to doorknob, up and down waves and side to side waves. Pull up website with animation of slide. There are other types of seismic waves that occur only on the surface but we won’t discuss them
Pull up website with animation

25. Observation/Recording
seismograph
A seismograph is the instrument used to measure earthquakes. What else do they record? (Explosions, nuclear tests). Recorders at different locations are used to pinpoint the location of an earthquake. Different distances from the point of rupture result in different times. Because the speed of the waves is relatively constant at 8 km/s.

26. Interpret a Travel-Time Graph (P-S graph)

28. World Earthquake Map
For this slide I used a push pin to poke a hole in the pie-crust, because each dot represents a rupture in the Earth’s surface and earthquake. What the lines of wholes outline? (the continental plates) Then manipulate the dough pushing in one direction cause a pull in another-shows subduction where they collide, and rift zone where they pull apart.
**See the continental plates?

29. Misawa
This next slide shows what? The “Ring of Fire” - discuss.

33. Secondary Hazards
Tsunami -
Landslide -
Pyroclastic flow (Nuee Ardentes) -