P-1

P-2 Outline  Principles of cellular geo-location  Why Geo-Location?  Radio location principles  Urban area challenges  HAWK – suggested solution

P-3 Why Cellular Geo – location?  Because there is no other choice to trace a call when needed:  Emergency  Homeland security  Criminal  Galileo/GPS do not solve:  Indoor coverage (70% in Europe and growing)  Homeland security  The cat and the bell

P-4 Radio Location Principle 1 st Fingerprint Mobile Unit

P-5 Radio Location Principle 2 nd Fingerprint Mobile Unit

P-6 Radio Location Principle Correlation to prediction 3 rd Fingerprint Mobile Unit

P-7 Outline   Principles of cellular geo-location   Urban area challenges   The urban channel   Indoor coverage   Multi-Floor – Three Dimensional search space   Limitation of Cell ID   HAWK – suggested solution

P-8 The Urban Channel Mobile Unit

P-9 The Urban Channel Reflected and diffracted rays from the serving cell to the mobile

P-10 Service Maps In Urban Areas (1) Each color represents the server sector at the point Conventional View

P-11 Service Maps In Urban Areas (2) Each color represents the serving cell at the point Actual Situation

P-12 Where is the serving cell? (1) Call Origination Location View from Call Location towards serving cell 1 th Floor

P-13 Where is the serving cell? (2) View from Call Location towards serving cell 3 th Floor Call Origination Location

P-14 5 th Floor Call Origination Location Where is the serving cell? (3)

P-15 Call Origination GSM Range Measurement Accuracy- 275m Limitations of Cell ID/ Delay (1)

P Actual Distance (m) Delay Based Distance Estimation (m) In urban areas, the range estimation has systematic error due to reflections: - only 48% within nominal accuracy +/-275m - more than 10% with more than 1000m error! Limitations of Cell ID/ Delay (3)

P-17 Outline   Principles of cellular geo-location   Urban area challenges   HAWK – suggested solution   HAWK Configuration and concept   Enhanced Fingerprint Concept   3D database

P-18 HAWK Configuration

P-19 Enhanced Fingerprint Concept (1)   HAWK unique solution integrates five sources of information:   Multi cell signal strength fingerprint   Angle of Arrival (based on existing antennas)   Multi-path Fingerprint   Topography and geographical features   Cell ID + Delay measurement

P-20 Enhanced Fingerprint Concept (2)   HAWK is easily integrated in existing wireless network:   No impact on infrastructure   relay on information that is collected natively by the network   HAWK accuracy is more than 30 times better than current cell based solutions   HAWK 3D database allows location up to the apartment level!

P-21 3D Coverage Database Coverage database contains coverage information per area bin and per building, per floor Each color represents the received signal strength

P-22 Accurate Channel Analysis   Full ray tracing analysis generates:   High accuracy predictions   Channel response: enhancement of the range measurement

P-23 Reminder: Standard Location Area Cell ID + Range based estimated location

P-24 HAWK Output – 3D Location Call Origination Estimated Location Red color represents highest probability of location

P-25 Summary  Urban area contains several challenges to cellular location:  Cell ID and range measurements are not reliable  Location becomes a three dimensional problem  Enhanced fingerprint combined with accurate 3D modeling provide an efficient, low-cost solution to these challenges  Suggested technology is a “no loopholes” solution: locates any type of mobile phone, anywhere  The HAWK system successfully utilizes this technology in the field for more than two years