1. Lecture 1 Wireless Networks CPE 401/601 Computer Network Systems slides are modified from Jim Kurose & Keith Ross All material copyright 1996-2009 J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved

2. Lect 1: Wireless Networks 2 Chapter 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks Background: r # wireless (mobile) phone subscribers now exceeds # wired phone subscribers! r computer nets: laptops, palmtops, PDAs, Internet-enabled phone promise anytime untethered Internet access r two important (but different) challenges m wireless: communication over wireless link m mobility: handling the mobile user who changes point of attachment to network

3. Lect 1: Wireless Networks 3 Chapter 6 outline 6.1 Introduction Wireless r 6.2 Wireless links, characteristics m CDMA r 6.3 IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs (“wi-fi”) r 6.4 Cellular Internet Access m architecture m standards (e.g., GSM) Mobility r 6.5 Principles: addressing and routing to mobile users r 6.6 Mobile IP r 6.7 Handling mobility in cellular networks r 6.8 Mobility and higher- layer protocols 6.9 Summary

4. Lect 1: Wireless Networks 4 Elements of a wireless network network infrastructure wireless hosts r laptop, PDA, IP phone r run applications r may be stationary (non-mobile) or mobile m wireless does not always mean mobility

5. Lect 1: Wireless Networks 5 Elements of a wireless network network infrastructure base station r typically connected to wired network r relay - responsible for sending packets between wired network and wireless host(s) in its “area” m e.g., cell towers, 802.11 access points

6. Lect 1: Wireless Networks 6 Elements of a wireless network network infrastructure wireless link r typically used to connect mobile(s) to base station r also used as backbone link r multiple access protocol coordinates link access r various data rates, transmission distance

7. Lect 1: Wireless Networks 7 Characteristics of some wireless link standards Indoor 10-30m Outdoor 50-200m Mid-range outdoor 200m – 4 Km Long-range outdoor 5Km – 20 Km.056.384 1 4 5-11 54 IS-95, CDMA, GSM 2G UMTS/WCDMA, CDMA2000 3G 802.15 802.11b 802.11a,g UMTS/WCDMA-HSPDA, CDMA2000-1xEVDO 3G cellular enhanced 802.16 (WiMAX) 802.11a,g point-to-point 200 802.11n Data rate (Mbps) data

8. Lect 1: Wireless Networks 8 Elements of a wireless network network infrastructure infrastructure mode r base station connects mobiles into wired network r handoff: mobile changes base station providing connection into wired network

9. Lect 1: Wireless Networks 9 Elements of a wireless network ad hoc mode r no base stations r nodes can only transmit to other nodes within link coverage r nodes organize themselves into a network: route among themselves

10. Lect 1: Wireless Networks 10 Wireless network taxonomy single hop multiple hops infrastructure (e.g., APs) no infrastructure host connects to base station (WiFi, WiMAX, cellular) which connects to larger Internet no base station, no connection to larger Internet (Bluetooth, ad hoc nets) host may have to relay through several wireless nodes to connect to larger Internet: mesh net no base station, no connection to larger Internet. May have to relay to reach other a given wireless node MANET, VANET

11. Lect 1: Wireless Networks 11 Wireless Link Characteristics (1) Differences from wired link …. m decreased signal strength: radio signal attenuates as it propagates through matter (path loss) m interference from other sources: standardized wireless network frequencies (e.g., 2.4 GHz) shared by other devices (e.g., phone); devices (motors) interfere as well m multipath propagation: radio signal reflects off objects around, arriving at destination at slightly different times …. make communication across (even a point to point) wireless link much more “difficult”

12. Lect 1: Wireless Networks 12 Wireless Link Characteristics (2) r SNR: signal-to-noise ratio m larger SNR – easier to extract signal from noise (a “good thing”) r SNR versus BER tradeoffs m given physical layer: increase power -> increase SNR->decrease BER m given SNR: choose physical layer that meets BER requirement, giving highest thruput SNR may change with mobility: dynamically adapt physical layer (modulation technique, rate) 10 20 30 40 QAM256 (8 Mbps) QAM16 (4 Mbps) BPSK (1 Mbps) SNR(dB) BER 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -5 10 -6 10 -7 10 -4

13. Lect 1: Wireless Networks 13 Wireless network characteristics Multiple wireless senders and receivers create additional problems (beyond multiple access): A B C Hidden terminal problem r B, A hear each other r B, C hear each other r A, C can not hear each other means A, C unaware of their interference at B A B C A’s signal strength space C’s signal strength Signal attenuation: r B, A hear each other r B, C hear each other r A, C can not hear each other interfering at B